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709 lines
22 KiB
JavaScript
709 lines
22 KiB
JavaScript
---
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category: tool
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tool: AngularJS
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contributors:
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- ["Walter Cordero", "http://waltercordero.com"]
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filename: learnangular.html
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---
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## AngularJS Tutorial.
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AngularJS version 1.0 was released in 2012.
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Miško Hevery, a Google employee, started to work with AngularJS in 2009.
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The idea turned out very well, and the project is now officially supported by Google.
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AngularJS is a JavaScript framework. It can be added to an HTML page with a "script" tag.
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AngularJS extends HTML attributes with Directives, and binds data to HTML with Expressions.
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##What You Should Already Know
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Before you study AngularJS, you should have a basic understanding of:
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- HTML
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- CSS
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- JavaScript
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```html
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// AngularJS is a JavaScript framework. It is a library written in JavaScript.
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// AngularJS is distributed as a JavaScript file, and can be added to a web page with a script tag:
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// <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>
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///////////////////////////////////
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// AngularJS Extends HTML
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//AngularJS extends HTML with ng-directives.
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//The ng-app directive defines an AngularJS application.
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//The ng-model directive binds the value of HTML controls (input, select, textarea) to application data.
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//The ng-bind directive binds application data to the HTML view.
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>
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<body>
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<div ng-app="">
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<p>Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p>
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<p ng-bind="name"></p>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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/*
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* Example explained:
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* AngularJS starts automatically when the web page has loaded.
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* The ng-app directive tells AngularJS that the <div> element is the "owner" of an AngularJS application.
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* The ng-model directive binds the value of the input field to the application variable name.
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* The ng-bind directive binds the innerHTML of the <p> element to the application variable name.
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*/
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<tag> Here are content to be interpreted </tag>
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///////////////////////////////////
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// AngularJS Expressions
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// AngularJS expressions are written inside double braces: {{ expression }}.
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// AngularJS expressions binds data to HTML the same way as the ng-bind directive.
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// AngularJS will "output" data exactly where the expression is written.
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// AngularJS expressions are much like JavaScript expressions: They can contain literals, operators, and variables.
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// Example {{ 5 + 5 }} or {{ firstName + " " + lastName }}
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>
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<body>
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<div ng-app="">
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<p>My first expression: {{ 5 + 5 }}</p>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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//If you remove the ng-app directive, HTML will display the expression as it is, without solving it:
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>
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<body>
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<div>
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<p>My first expression: {{ 5 + 5 }}</p>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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// AngularJS expressions bind AngularJS data to HTML the same way as the ng-bind directive.
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>
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<body>
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<div ng-app="">
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<p>Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p>
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<p>{{name}}</p>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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// AngularJS numbers are like JavaScript numbers:
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<div ng-app="" ng-init="quantity=1;cost=5">
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<p>Total in dollar: {{ quantity * cost }}</p>
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</div>
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//AngularJS strings are like JavaScript strings:
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<div ng-app="" ng-init="firstName='John';lastName='Doe'">
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<p>The name is <span ng-bind="firstName + ' ' + lastName"></span></p>
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</div>
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//AngularJS objects are like JavaScript objects:
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<div ng-app="" ng-init="person={firstName:'John',lastName:'Doe'}">
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<p>The name is {{ person.lastName }}</p>
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</div>
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//AngularJS arrays are like JavaScript arrays:
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<div ng-app="" ng-init="points=[1,15,19,2,40]">
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<p>The third result is {{ points[2] }}</p>
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</div>
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// Like JavaScript expressions, AngularJS expressions can contain literals, operators, and variables.
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// Unlike JavaScript expressions, AngularJS expressions can be written inside HTML.
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// AngularJS expressions do not support conditionals, loops, and exceptions, while JavaScript expressions do.
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// AngularJS expressions support filters, while JavaScript expressions do not.
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///////////////////////////////////
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// AngularJS Directives
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//AngularJS directives are extended HTML attributes with the prefix ng-.
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//The ng-app directive initializes an AngularJS application.
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//The ng-init directive initializes application data.
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//The ng-model directive binds the value of HTML controls (input, select, textarea) to application data.
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<div ng-app="" ng-init="firstName='John'">
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<p>Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"></p>
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<p>You wrote: {{ firstName }}</p>
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</div>
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//Using ng-init is not very common. You will learn how to initialize data in the chapter about controllers.
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//The ng-repeat directive repeats an HTML element:
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<div ng-app="" ng-init="names=['Jani','Hege','Kai']">
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<ul>
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<li ng-repeat="x in names">
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{{ x }}
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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//The ng-repeat directive used on an array of objects:
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<div ng-app="" ng-init="names=[
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{name:'Jani',country:'Norway'},
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{name:'Hege',country:'Sweden'},
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{name:'Kai',country:'Denmark'}]">
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<ul>
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<li ng-repeat="x in names">
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{{ x.name + ', ' + x.country }}
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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// AngularJS is perfect for database CRUD (Create Read Update Delete) applications.
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// Just imagine if these objects were records from a database.
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// The ng-app directive defines the root element of an AngularJS application.
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// The ng-app directive will auto-bootstrap (automatically initialize) the application when a web page is loaded.
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// Later you will learn how ng-app can have a value (like ng-app="myModule"), to connect code modules.
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// The ng-init directive defines initial values for an AngularJS application.
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// Normally, you will not use ng-init. You will use a controller or module instead.
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// You will learn more about controllers and modules later.
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//The ng-model directive binds the value of HTML controls (input, select, textarea) to application data.
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//The ng-model directive can also:
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//Provide type validation for application data (number, email, required).
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//Provide status for application data (invalid, dirty, touched, error).
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//Provide CSS classes for HTML elements.
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//Bind HTML elements to HTML forms.
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//The ng-repeat directive clones HTML elements once for each item in a collection (in an array).
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///////////////////////////////////
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// AngularJS Controllers
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// AngularJS controllers control the data of AngularJS applications.
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// AngularJS controllers are regular JavaScript Objects.
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// AngularJS applications are controlled by controllers.
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// The ng-controller directive defines the application controller.
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// A controller is a JavaScript Object, created by a standard JavaScript object constructor.
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl">
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First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br>
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Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br>
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<br>
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Full Name: {{firstName + " " + lastName}}
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</div>
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<script>
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var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
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app.controller('myCtrl', function($scope) {
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$scope.firstName = "John";
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$scope.lastName = "Doe";
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});
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</script>
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//Application explained:
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//The AngularJS application is defined by ng-app="myApp". The application runs inside the <div>.
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//The ng-controller="myCtrl" attribute is an AngularJS directive. It defines a controller.
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//The myCtrl function is a JavaScript function.
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//AngularJS will invoke the controller with a $scope object.
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//In AngularJS, $scope is the application object (the owner of application variables and functions).
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//The controller creates two properties (variables) in the scope (firstName and lastName).
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//The ng-model directives bind the input fields to the controller properties (firstName and lastName).
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//The example above demonstrated a controller object with two properties: lastName and firstName.
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//A controller can also have methods (variables as functions):
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl">
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First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br>
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Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br>
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<br>
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Full Name: {{fullName()}}
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</div>
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<script>
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var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
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app.controller('personCtrl', function($scope) {
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$scope.firstName = "John";
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$scope.lastName = "Doe";
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$scope.fullName = function() {
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return $scope.firstName + " " + $scope.lastName;
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}
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});
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</script>
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//In larger applications, it is common to store controllers in external files.
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//Just copy the code between the <script> </script> tags into an external file named personController.js:
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl">
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First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br>
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Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br>
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<br>
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Full Name: {{firstName + " " + lastName}}
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</div>
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<script src="personController.js"></script>
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// For the next example we will create a new controller file:
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angular.module('myApp', []).controller('namesCtrl', function($scope) {
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$scope.names = [
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{name:'Jani',country:'Norway'},
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{name:'Hege',country:'Sweden'},
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{name:'Kai',country:'Denmark'}
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];
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});
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//Save the file as namesController.js:
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//And then use the controller file in an application:
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="namesCtrl">
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<ul>
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<li ng-repeat="x in names">
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{{ x.name + ', ' + x.country }}
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<script src="namesController.js"></script>
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///////////////////////////////////
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// AngularJS Filters
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// Filters can be added to expressions and directives using a pipe character.
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// AngularJS filters can be used to transform data:
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- **currency**: Format a number to a currency format.
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- **filter**: Select a subset of items from an array.
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- **lowercase**: Format a string to lower case.
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- **orderBy**: Orders an array by an expression.
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- **uppercase**: Format a string to upper case.
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//A filter can be added to an expression with a pipe character (|) and a filter.
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//(For the next two examples we will use the person controller from the previous chapter)
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//The uppercase filter format strings to upper case:
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl">
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<p>The name is {{ lastName | uppercase }}</p>
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</div>
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//The lowercase filter format strings to lower case:
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl">
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<p>The name is {{ lastName | lowercase }}</p>
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</div>
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//The currency filter formats a number as currency:
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="costCtrl">
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<input type="number" ng-model="quantity">
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<input type="number" ng-model="price">
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<p>Total = {{ (quantity * price) | currency }}</p>
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</div>
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//A filter can be added to a directive with a pipe character (|) and a filter.
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//The orderBy filter orders an array by an expression:
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="namesCtrl">
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<ul>
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<li ng-repeat="x in names | orderBy:'country'">
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{{ x.name + ', ' + x.country }}
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</li>
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</ul>
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<div>
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//An input filter can be added to a directive with a pipe character (|)
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//and filter followed by a colon and a model name.
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//The filter selects a subset of an array:
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="namesCtrl">
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<p><input type="text" ng-model="test"></p>
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<ul>
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<li ng-repeat="x in names | filter:test | orderBy:'country'">
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{{ (x.name | uppercase) + ', ' + x.country }}
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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///////////////////////////////////
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// AngularJS AJAX - $http
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//$http is an AngularJS service for reading data from remote servers.
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// The following data can be provided by a web server:
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// http://www.w3schools.com/angular/customers.php
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// **Check the URL to see the data format**
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// AngularJS $http is a core service for reading data from web servers.
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// $http.get(url) is the function to use for reading server data.
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="customersCtrl">
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<ul>
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<li ng-repeat="x in names">
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{{ x.Name + ', ' + x.Country }}
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<script>
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var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
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app.controller('customersCtrl', function($scope, $http) {
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$http.get("http://www.w3schools.com/angular/customers.php")
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.success(function(response) {$scope.names = response.records;});
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});
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</script>
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Application explained:
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// The AngularJS application is defined by ng-app. The application runs inside a <div>.
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// The ng-controller directive names the controller object.
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// The customersCtrl function is a standard JavaScript object constructor.
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// AngularJS will invoke customersCtrl with a $scope and $http object.
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// $scope is the application object (the owner of application variables and functions).
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// $http is an XMLHttpRequest object for requesting external data.
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// $http.get() reads JSON data from http://www.w3schools.com/angular/customers.php.
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// If success, the controller creates a property (names) in the scope, with JSON data from the server.
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// Requests for data from a different server (than the requesting page), are called cross-site HTTP requests.
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// Cross-site requests are common on the web. Many pages load CSS, images, and scripts from different servers.
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// In modern browsers, cross-site HTTP requests from scripts are restricted to same site for security reasons.
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// The following line, in our PHP examples, has been added to allow cross-site access.
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header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *");
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///////////////////////////////////
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// AngularJS Tables
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// Displaying tables with angular is very simple:
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="customersCtrl">
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<table>
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<tr ng-repeat="x in names">
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<td>{{ x.Name }}</td>
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<td>{{ x.Country }}</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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<script>
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var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
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app.controller('customersCtrl', function($scope, $http) {
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$http.get("http://www.w3schools.com/angular/customers.php")
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.success(function (response) {$scope.names = response.records;});
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});
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</script>
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// To sort the table, add an orderBy filter:
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<table>
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<tr ng-repeat="x in names | orderBy : 'Country'">
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<td>{{ x.Name }}</td>
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<td>{{ x.Country }}</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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// To display the table index, add a <td> with $index:
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<table>
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<tr ng-repeat="x in names">
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<td>{{ $index + 1 }}</td>
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<td>{{ x.Name }}</td>
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<td>{{ x.Country }}</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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// Using $even and $odd
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<table>
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<tr ng-repeat="x in names">
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<td ng-if="$odd" style="background-color:#f1f1f1">{{ x.Name }}</td>
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<td ng-if="$even">{{ x.Name }}</td>
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<td ng-if="$odd" style="background-color:#f1f1f1">{{ x.Country }}</td>
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<td ng-if="$even">{{ x.Country }}</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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///////////////////////////////////
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// AngularJS HTML DOM
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//AngularJS has directives for binding application data to the attributes of HTML DOM elements.
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// The ng-disabled directive binds AngularJS application data to the disabled attribute of HTML elements.
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<div ng-app="" ng-init="mySwitch=true">
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<p>
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<button ng-disabled="mySwitch">Click Me!</button>
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</p>
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<p>
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<input type="checkbox" ng-model="mySwitch">Button
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</p>
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</div>
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//Application explained:
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// The ng-disabled directive binds the application data mySwitch to the HTML button's disabled attribute.
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// The ng-model directive binds the value of the HTML checkbox element to the value of mySwitch.
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// If the value of mySwitch evaluates to true, the button will be disabled:
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<p>
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<button disabled>Click Me!</button>
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</p>
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// If the value of mySwitch evaluates to false, the button will not be disabled:
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<p>
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<button>Click Me!</button>
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</p>
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// The ng-show directive shows or hides an HTML element.
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<div ng-app="">
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<p ng-show="true">I am visible.</p>
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<p ng-show="false">I am not visible.</p>
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</div>
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// The ng-show directive shows (or hides) an HTML element based on the value of ng-show.
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// You can use any expression that evaluates to true or false:
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<div ng-app="">
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<p ng-show="hour > 12">I am visible.</p>
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</div>
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///////////////////////////////////
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// AngularJS Events
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// AngularJS has its own HTML events directives.
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// The ng-click directive defines an AngularJS click event.
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<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl">
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<button ng-click="count = count + 1">Click me!</button>
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<p>{{ count }}</p>
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</div>
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<script>
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var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
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app.controller('myCtrl', function($scope) {
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$scope.count = 0;
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});
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</script>
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// The ng-hide directive can be used to set the visibility of a part of an application.
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// The value ng-hide="true" makes an HTML element invisible.
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// The value ng-hide="false" makes the element visible.
|
|
<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl">
|
|
|
|
<button ng-click="toggle()">Toggle</button>
|
|
|
|
<p ng-hide="myVar">
|
|
First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br>
|
|
Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Full Name: {{firstName + " " + lastName}}
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script>
|
|
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
|
|
app.controller('personCtrl', function($scope) {
|
|
$scope.firstName = "John",
|
|
$scope.lastName = "Doe"
|
|
$scope.myVar = false;
|
|
$scope.toggle = function() {
|
|
$scope.myVar = !$scope.myVar;
|
|
};
|
|
});
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
//Application explained:
|
|
|
|
// The first part of the personController is the same as in the chapter about controllers.
|
|
// The application has a default property (a variable): $scope.myVar = false;
|
|
// The ng-hide directive sets the visibility, of a <p> element with two input fields,
|
|
// according to the value (true or false) of myVar.
|
|
// The function toggle() toggles myVar between true and false.
|
|
// The value ng-hide="true" makes the element invisible.
|
|
|
|
|
|
// The ng-show directive can also be used to set the visibility of a part of an application.
|
|
// The value ng-show="false" makes an HTML element invisible.
|
|
// The value ng-show="true" makes the element visible.
|
|
// Here is the same example as above, using ng-show instead of ng-hide:
|
|
<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl">
|
|
|
|
<button ng-click="toggle()">Toggle</button>
|
|
|
|
<p ng-show="myVar">
|
|
First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br>
|
|
Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Full Name: {{firstName + " " + lastName}}
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script>
|
|
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
|
|
app.controller('personCtrl', function($scope) {
|
|
$scope.firstName = "John",
|
|
$scope.lastName = "Doe"
|
|
$scope.myVar = true;
|
|
$scope.toggle = function() {
|
|
$scope.myVar = !$scope.myVar;
|
|
}
|
|
});
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
///////////////////////////////////
|
|
// AngularJS Modules
|
|
|
|
// An AngularJS module defines an application.
|
|
// The module is a container for the different parts of an application.
|
|
// The module is a container for the application controllers.
|
|
// Controllers always belong to a module.
|
|
|
|
// This application ("myApp") has one controller ("myCtrl"):
|
|
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl">
|
|
{{ firstName + " " + lastName }}
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script>
|
|
var app = angular.module("myApp", []);
|
|
app.controller("myCtrl", function($scope) {
|
|
$scope.firstName = "John";
|
|
$scope.lastName = "Doe";
|
|
});
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
|
// It is common in AngularJS applications to put the module and the controllers in JavaScript files.
|
|
// In this example, "myApp.js" contains an application module definition, while "myCtrl.js" contains the controller:
|
|
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl">
|
|
{{ firstName + " " + lastName }}
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script src="myApp.js"></script>
|
|
<script src="myCtrl.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
|
//myApp.js
|
|
var app = angular.module("myApp", []);
|
|
|
|
// The [] parameter in the module definition can be used to define dependent modules.
|
|
|
|
// myCtrl.js
|
|
app.controller("myCtrl", function($scope) {
|
|
$scope.firstName = "John";
|
|
$scope.lastName= "Doe";
|
|
});
|
|
|
|
// Global functions should be avoided in JavaScript. They can easily be overwritten
|
|
// or destroyed by other scripts.
|
|
|
|
// AngularJS modules reduces this problem, by keeping all functions local to the module.
|
|
|
|
// While it is common in HTML applications to place scripts at the end of the
|
|
// <body> element, it is recommended that you load the AngularJS library either
|
|
// in the <head> or at the start of the <body>.
|
|
|
|
// This is because calls to angular.module can only be compiled after the library has been loaded.
|
|
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl">
|
|
{{ firstName + " " + lastName }}
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script>
|
|
var app = angular.module("myApp", []);
|
|
app.controller("myCtrl", function($scope) {
|
|
$scope.firstName = "John";
|
|
$scope.lastName = "Doe";
|
|
});
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
|
|
|
///////////////////////////////////
|
|
// AngularJS Applications
|
|
|
|
// AngularJS modules define AngularJS applications.
|
|
// AngularJS controllers control AngularJS applications.
|
|
// The ng-app directive defines the application, the ng-controller directive defines the controller.
|
|
<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl">
|
|
First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br>
|
|
Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Full Name: {{firstName + " " + lastName}}
|
|
</div>
|
|
<script>
|
|
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
|
|
app.controller('myCtrl', function($scope) {
|
|
$scope.firstName= "John";
|
|
$scope.lastName= "Doe";
|
|
});
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
// AngularJS modules define applications:
|
|
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
|
|
|
|
// AngularJS controllers control applications:
|
|
app.controller('myCtrl', function($scope) {
|
|
$scope.firstName= "John";
|
|
$scope.lastName= "Doe";
|
|
});
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Source & References
|
|
|
|
**Examples**
|
|
|
|
- [http://www.w3schools.com/angular/angular_examples.asp](http://www.w3schools.com/angular/angular_examples.asp)
|
|
|
|
**References**
|
|
|
|
- [http://www.w3schools.com/angular/angular_ref_directives.asp](http://www.w3schools.com/angular/angular_ref_directives.asp)
|
|
- [http://www.w3schools.com/angular/default.asp](http://www.w3schools.com/angular/default.asp)
|
|
- [https://teamtreehouse.com/library/angular-basics/](https://teamtreehouse.com/library/angular-basics/)
|