mirror of
https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.git
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452 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
452 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
---
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language: Phix
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contributors:
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- ["pxtom", "https://gitgub.com/pxtom"]
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filename: learnphix.exw
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---
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```
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-- single line comment
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// single line comment
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/* multi-
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line comment */
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// Start programming immediately
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-- write using UTF8; save as: hello.ex
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-- use ? for output
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? "😍 hello , 😎 world!"
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? sqrt(2+2)
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// Interpret your program
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/*
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p hello */
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// Compile your program
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/*
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p -c hello */
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// Coding mistakes receive gentle help messages
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/*
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string line
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line = 5
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^ type error (storing atom in string) */
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// Every literal value, constant, and variable is an ''object''
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-- a literal object
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? "hello"
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? PI
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? { "hello", PI }
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-- a named variable object
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object X
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X = "hello"
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X = PI
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X = { "hello", PI }
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-- a named constant object
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constant myPI = 22/7
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// Everything is an ''object'', just two fundemental kinds
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/*
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┌────────────────────▄
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┌─┤ object █─┐
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│ └─▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄█ │
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│ │
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"atom" "container" */
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number x = 3.14159 sequence s = { "hello", PI }
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integer y = 3 string txt = "hello"
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-- simplify,
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-- and use only two primitives
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number x1=3.14156, y1=3
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sequence s1={"hello",PI}, txt1="hello"
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-- simplify even more,
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-- and use just one primitive
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object x2=3.14156, y2=3, s2={"hello",PI}, txt2="hello"
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// Elegant data-type design
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-- invent your own "type"
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-- organize with "struct" or "class"
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/*
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╔═══════════════════════════════╗
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║ ┌─────────────────────────┐ ║
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║ │ ┌───────────▄ │ ║
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║ │ ┌─┤ object █─┐ │ ║
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║ │ │ └─▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄█ │ │ ║
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║ │ │ │ │ ║
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║ │ number sequence │ ║
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║ │ │ │ │ ║
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║ │ integer string │ ║
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║ └──────── type ───────────┘ ║
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║ ║
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╚════════ struct ║
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class ════════════════╝
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*/
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// Syntax is consistant: "keyword...end keyword"
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-- no invisible syntax or extra rules needed.
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// loop
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-- while ... end while
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integer index = 1
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while index <= 5 do
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? index
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index += 1
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end while
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// loop
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-- for ... end for
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for i=5 to 1 by -1 do
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? i
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end for
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// conditional
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-- if ... end if
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number p = 4
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if p < 1 then
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? "p is a small number"
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elsif p > 10 then
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? "p is a large number"
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else
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? "p is inbetween"
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end if
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// conditional
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-- switch ... end switch
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object ch = prompt_string("enter one character: " )
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switch ch
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case "a": ? "ch is a"
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case "b": ? "ch is b"
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case "c": ? "ch is c"
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default: ? "ch is something else"
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end switch
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// Operators are always consistant; never overloaded.
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-- the + operator ''always adds''
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? 2+7 --> 9
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? 'A' + 32 --> 97
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-- the & operator ''always concatenates''
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? 2 & 7 --> {2,7}
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? "cat" & " " & "dog" --> "cat dog"
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? {1,2,3} & "fish" --> {1,2,3} & "fish"
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pp( {1,2,3} & "fish" ) --> {1,2,3,102'f',105'i',115's',104'h'}
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// Use ''sq_'' functions to span entire containers.
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? sq_add( {1,2,3}, 10 ) --> {11,12,13}
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? sq_sqrt( {4,9,16} ) --> {2,3,4}
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// Functions must return a value
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function add2( number x, number y )
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number sum = x + y
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return sum
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end function
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? add2( 4, 9 )
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// Procedures do not return a value
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procedure sum_all( sequence lst )
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number sum = 0
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for i=1 to length(lst) do
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sum += lst[i]
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end for
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? sum
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end procedure
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sum_all( {1,3,9,11} )
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// Recursion and mutal recursion are permitted
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function factorial(number n)
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if n == 0 then
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return 1
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end if
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if n<0 then
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return "error, no negative numbers for factorials"
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end if
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return n * factorial(n - 1)
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end function
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? factorial(5)
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// User defined data-types
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-- defined like a function: type ... end type
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-- they are fully programmable; add your own features
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type positive( number x )
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if not integer(x) then
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? "use integers for factorials"
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return False
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end if
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if x < 0 then
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? "error, no negative numbers for factorials"
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return False
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end if
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return True
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end type
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-- use them to declare variables and parameters
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function factorial2( positive n )
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if n == 0 then return 1 end if
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return n * factorial2(n-1)
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end function
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? factorial(5)
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-- to catch errors, and recover, use: try ... end try
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try
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? factorial2( -5 )
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catch e
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? "that was a mistake"
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end try
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// Sequences are versatile
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-- multiple assignment
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number a, b, c
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{a,b,c} = { -100, -200/-2, -300*3 }
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? a --> -100
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? b --> 100
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? c --> -900
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-- swapping values
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? a --> -100
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? c --> -900
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{a,c} = {c,a}
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? a --> -900
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? c --> -100
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// Symmetrical one-based indexing does it all
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-- both sequence and string are mutable and work alike
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-- 1 2 3 4 5 -- index head to tail
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s = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 }
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-- -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -- index tail to head
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// one item
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? s[ 2]
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? s[-4]
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-- output for both is:
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-----> 20
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// slice with one item
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? s[ 2.. 2]
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? s[-4..-4]
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-- output for both is:
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-----> {20}
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// inclusive slice
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? s[ 2.. 4]
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? s[-4..-2]
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-- output for both is:
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-----> {20,30,40}
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// empty sequence
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? s[3 .. 2]
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? s[-3..-4]
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-- output for both is:
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-----> {}
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// insert
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s[3..2] = {99}
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? s
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-----> {10,20,99,30,40,50}
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// prepend and append
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s = { 10,20,30,40,50 }
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s[ 1..0] = {0} -- prepend
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s[$+1..$] = {6} -- append
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? s
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-----> {0,10,20,99,30,40,50,6}
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s[0..-1] = {9999} -- append
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? s
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-----> {0,10,20,99,30,40,50,6,9999}
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// delete
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s = { 10,20,30,40,50 }
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s[2..2] = {} -- item deleted
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? s
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-----> {10,30,40,50}
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s[2..3] = {} -- slice deleted
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? s
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-----> {10,50}
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// Learn and reuse; you keep what you learn.
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s = { 1,3,5,7 }
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txt = "jello"
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-- "find" locates one item in either a sequence or a string
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? find( 3, s ) --> 2
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? find( 'e', txt ) --> 2
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-- "match" locates a slice in either a sequence or a string
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? match( {5,7}, s ) -- > 3
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? match( "ll", txt ) --> 3
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// Look back at the examples, Phix is generic!
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// Batteries are installed
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? sort( {2, 54,6,4, 0} )
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? upper( "cat" )
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? log( 10.4 )
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? trunc(1.4) -- 1
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? floor(1.4) -- 1
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? trunc(-1.4) -- -1
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? floor(-1.4) -- -2
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// Batteries are included
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include builtins/regex.e
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string str = "say hello and smile"
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str = gsub( `s...e`, str, "😍" )
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? str --> "say hello and 😍"
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// Yes, sequences are "powerful"
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function odd(integer a) return remainder(a,2)=1 end function
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function even(integer a) return remainder(a,2)=0 end function
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? tagset(10) --> {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
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? filter(tagset(10),odd) --> {1,3,5,7,9}
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? filter(tagset(10),even) --> {2,4,6,8,10}
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// A ''struct'' provides named fields, type-checking, and dot notation
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struct point
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number x = 0
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number y = 0
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end struct
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procedure show( point q )
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printf(1, "(%g,%g)", { q.x, q.y } )
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end procedure
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point p1 = new()
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show(p1)
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--> (0,0)
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p1.x = 3
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p1.y = 5
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show( p1 )
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--> (3,5)
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// A ''class'' adds methods and scope control
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class pair
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public number x = 0
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public number y = 0
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procedure show( )
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printf(1, "(%g,%g)", { this.x, this.y } )
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end procedure
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end class
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pair p2 = new()
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p2.show()
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--> (0,0)
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p2.x = 3
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p2.y = 5
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p2.show()
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--> (3,5)
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// Inherit and compose
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class Pair -- any 2 objects
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public sequence xy
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public integer x,y
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function get_x()
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return xy[1]
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end function
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function get_y()
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return xy[2]
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end function
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end class
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type pos_seq(sequence x)
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return min(x) >= 0
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end type
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class Point extends Pair
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public pos_seq loc -- any two numbers >= 0
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procedure set_loc(object x)
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this.xy = {x[1],x[2]}
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end procedure
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end class
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class Rectangle extends Point
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public Point tlc,brc --top_left, bottom_right corners;
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public sequence size
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function get_size()
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this.size = {brc.x-tlc.x , brc.y-tlc.y}
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return this.size
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end function
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end class
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Point p1a = new() p1a.loc = {50,10}
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Point p2a = new() p2a.loc = {300,200}
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Rectangle r = new()
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r.tlc = p1a
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r.brc = p2a
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? r -- {"struct","Rectangle",4,1}
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? r.tlc -- {"struct","Point",3,3}
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? r.size --> {250,190}
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? r.get_size() --> {250,190}
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```
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Phix does not (although most can be emulated) directly support
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operator|builtin|function overloading, lambda expressions, closures,
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currying, eval, partial function application, function composition,
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function prototyping, monads, generators, anonymous recursion,
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the Y combinator, aspect oriented programming, interfaces, delegates,
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first class environments, implicit type conversion
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(of the destructive kind), interactive programming, inverted syntax,
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list comprehensions, metaprogramming, pointers
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(other than to raw allocated memory), topic variables,
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enforced singletons, safe mode, s-expressions,
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or formal proof construction.
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The author wryly comments:
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''That should both scare off and attract the right people''.
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## References
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* [http://phix.x10.mx](http://phix.x10.mx)
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* [Source code](https://github.com/petelomax/Phix)
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* [Forum](https://openeuphoria.org/forum/index.wc)
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* [Rosetta Code](https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Category:Phix)
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