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325 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
325 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
---
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language: latex
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contributors:
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- ["Chaitanya Krishna Ande", "http://icymist.github.io"]
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- ["Colton Kohnke", "https://github.com/voltnor"]
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- ["Sricharan Chiruvolu", "http://sricharan.xyz"]
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- ["Ramanan Balakrishnan", "https://github.com/ramananbalakrishnan"]
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- ["Svetlana Golubeva", "https://attillax.github.io/"]
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- ["Oliver Kopp", "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-4290"]
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filename: learn-latex.tex
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---
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```tex
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% All comment lines start with %
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% There are no multi-line comments
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% LaTeX is NOT a "What You See Is What You Get" word processing software like
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% MS Word, or OpenOffice Writer
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% Every LaTeX command starts with a backslash (\)
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% LaTeX documents start with a defining the type of document it's compiling
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% Other document types include book, report, presentations, etc.
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% The options for the document appear in the [] brackets. In this case
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% it specifies we want to use 12pt font.
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\documentclass[12pt]{article}
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% Next we define the packages the document uses.
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% If you want to include graphics, colored text, or
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% source code from another language file into your document,
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% you need to enhance the capabilities of LaTeX. This is done by adding packages.
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% I'm going to include the float and caption packages for figures
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% and hyperref package for hyperlinks
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\usepackage{caption}
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\usepackage{float}
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\usepackage{hyperref}
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% We can define some other document properties too!
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\author{Chaitanya Krishna Ande, Colton Kohnke, Sricharan Chiruvolu \& \\
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Svetlana Golubeva}
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\date{\today}
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\title{Learn \LaTeX{} in Y Minutes!}
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% Now we're ready to begin the document
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% Everything before this line is called "The Preamble"
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\begin{document}
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% if we set the author, date, title fields, we can have LaTeX
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% create a title page for us.
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\maketitle
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% If we have sections, we can create table of contents. We have to compile our
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% document twice to make it appear in right order.
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% It is a good practice to separate the table of contents form the body of the
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% document. To do so we use \newpage command
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\newpage
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\tableofcontents
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\newpage
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% Most research papers have abstract, you can use the predefined commands for this.
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% This should appear in its logical order, therefore, after the top matter,
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% but before the main sections of the body.
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% This command is available in the document classes article and report.
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\begin{abstract}
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\LaTeX{} documentation written as \LaTeX! How novel and totally not
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my idea!
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\end{abstract}
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% Section commands are intuitive.
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% All the titles of the sections are added automatically to the table of contents.
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\section{Introduction}
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Hello, my name is Colton and together we're going to explore \LaTeX!
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\section{Another section}
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This is the text for another section. I think it needs a subsection.
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\subsection{This is a subsection} % Subsections are also intuitive.
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I think we need another one.
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\subsubsection{Pythagoras}
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Much better now.
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\label{subsec:pythagoras}
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% By using the asterisk we can suppress LaTeX's inbuilt numbering.
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% This works for other LaTeX commands as well.
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\section*{This is an unnumbered section}
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However not all sections have to be numbered!
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\section{Some Text notes}
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%\section{Spacing} % Need to add more information about space intervals
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\LaTeX{} is generally pretty good about placing text where it should
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go. If
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a line \\ needs \\ to \\ break \\ you add \textbackslash\textbackslash{}
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to the source code.
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Separate paragraphs by empty lines.
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You need to add a tilde after abbreviations (if not followed by a comma) for a
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non-breaking space, because otherwise the spacing after the dot is too large:
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E.g., i.e., etc.~are such abbreviations.
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\section{Lists}
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Lists are one of the easiest things to create in \LaTeX! I need to go shopping
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tomorrow, so let's make a grocery list.
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\begin{enumerate} % This creates an "enumerate" environment.
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% \item tells the enumerate to increment
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\item Salad.
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\item 27 watermelon.
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\item A single jackrabbit.
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% we can even override the item number by using []
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\item[how many?] Medium sized squirt guns.
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Not a list item, but still part of the enumerate.
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\end{enumerate} % All environments must have an end.
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\section{Math}
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One of the primary uses for \LaTeX{} is to produce academic articles
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or technical papers. Usually in the realm of math and science. As such,
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we need to be able to add special symbols to our paper!
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Math has many symbols, far beyond what you can find on a keyboard;
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Set and relation symbols, arrows, operators, and Greek letters to name a few.
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Sets and relations play a vital role in many mathematical research papers.
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Here's how you state all x that belong to X, $\forall x \in X$.
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% Notice how I needed to add $ signs before and after the symbols. This is
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% because when writing, we are in text-mode.
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% However, the math symbols only exist in math-mode.
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% We can enter math-mode from text mode with the $ signs.
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% The opposite also holds true. Variable can also be rendered in math-mode.
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% We can also enter math mode with \[\]
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\[a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \]
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My favorite Greek letter is $\xi$. I also like $\beta$, $\gamma$ and $\sigma$.
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I haven't found a Greek letter yet that \LaTeX{} doesn't know
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about!
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Operators are essential parts of a mathematical document:
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trigonometric functions ($\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$),
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logarithms and exponentials ($\log$, $\exp$),
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limits ($\lim$), etc.~have pre-defined LaTeX commands.
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Let's write an equation to see how it's done:
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$\cos(2\theta) = \cos^{2}(\theta) - \sin^{2}(\theta)$
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Fractions (Numerator-denominators) can be written in these forms:
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% 10 / 7
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$$ ^{10}/_{7} $$
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% Relatively complex fractions can be written as
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% \frac{numerator}{denominator}
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$$ \frac{n!}{k!(n - k)!} $$
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We can also insert equations in an ``equation environment''.
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% Display math with the equation 'environment'
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\begin{equation} % enters math-mode
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c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
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\label{eq:pythagoras} % for referencing
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\end{equation} % all \begin statements must have an end statement
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We can then reference our new equation!
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Eqn.~\ref{eq:pythagoras} is also known as the Pythagoras Theorem which is also
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the subject of Sec.~\ref{subsec:pythagoras}. A lot of things can be labeled:
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figures, equations, sections, etc.
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Summations and Integrals are written with sum and int commands:
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% Some LaTeX compilers will complain if there are blank lines
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% In an equation environment.
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\begin{equation}
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\sum_{i=0}^{5} f_{i}
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\end{equation}
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\begin{equation}
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\int_{0}^{\infty} \mathrm{e}^{-x} \mathrm{d}x
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\end{equation}
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\section{Figures}
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Let's insert a figure. Figure placement can get a little tricky.
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Basic options are [t] for top, [b] for bottom, [h] for here (approximately).
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I definitely have to lookup the placement options each time.
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% See https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Floats,_Figures_and_Captions for more details
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\begin{figure}[H] % H here denoted the placement option.
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\centering % centers the figure on the page
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% Inserts a figure scaled to 0.8 the width of the page.
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%\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{right-triangle.png}
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% Commented out for compilation purposes. Please use your imagination.
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\caption{Right triangle with sides $a$, $b$, $c$}
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\label{fig:right-triangle}
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\end{figure}
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\subsection{Table}
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We can also insert Tables in the same way as figures.
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\begin{table}[H]
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\caption{Caption for the Table.}
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% the {} arguments below describe how each row of the table is drawn.
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% The basics are simple: one letter for each column, to control alignment:
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% basic options are: c, l, r and p for centered, left, right and paragraph
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% optionally, you can add a | for a vertical line
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% See https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables for more details
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\begin{tabular}{c|cc} % here it means "centered | vertical line, centered centered"
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Number & First Name & Last Name \\ % Column rows are separated by &
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\hline % a horizontal line
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1 & Biggus & Dickus \\
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2 & Monty & Python
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\end{tabular}
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% it will approximately be displayed like this
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% Number | First Name Last Name
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% -------|--------------------------- % because of \hline
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% 1 | Biggus Dickus
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% 2 | Monty Python
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\end{table}
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\section{Getting \LaTeX{} to not compile something (i.e.~Source Code)}
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Let's say we want to include some code into our \LaTeX{} document,
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we would then need \LaTeX{} to not try and interpret that text and
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instead just print it to the document. We do this with a verbatim
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environment.
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% There are other packages that exist (i.e. minty, lstlisting, etc.)
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% but verbatim is the bare-bones basic one.
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\begin{verbatim}
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print("Hello World!")
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a%b; % look! We can use % signs in verbatim.
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random = 4; #decided by fair random dice roll, https://www.xkcd.com/221/
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See https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/221:_Random_Number
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\end{verbatim}
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\section{Compiling}
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By now you're probably wondering how to compile this fabulous document
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and look at the glorious glory that is a \LaTeX{} pdf.
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(Yes, this document actually does compile).
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Getting to the final document using \LaTeX{} consists of the following
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steps:
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item Write the document in plain text (the ``source code'').
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\item Compile source code to produce a pdf.
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The compilation step looks like this (in Linux): \\
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\begin{verbatim}
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> pdflatex learn-latex.tex
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\end{verbatim}
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\end{enumerate}
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A number of \LaTeX{} editors combine both Step 1 and Step 2 in the
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same piece of software. So, you get to see Step 1, but not Step 2 completely.
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Step 2 is still happening behind the scenes\footnote{In cases, where you use
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references (like Eqn.~\ref{eq:pythagoras}), you may need to run Step 2
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multiple times, to generate an intermediary *.aux file.}.
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% Also, this is how you add footnotes to your document!
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% with a simple \footnote{...} command. They are numbered ¹, ², ... by default.
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You write all your formatting information in plain text in Step 1.
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The compilation part in Step 2 takes care of producing the document in the
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format you defined in Step 1.
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\section{Hyperlinks}
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We can also insert hyperlinks in our document. To do so we need to include the
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package hyperref into preamble with the command:
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\begin{verbatim}
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\usepackage{hyperref}
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\end{verbatim}
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There exists two main types of links: visible URL \\
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\url{https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/latex/}, or
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\href{https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/latex/}{shadowed by text}
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% You can not add extra-spaces or special symbols into shadowing text since it
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% will cause mistakes during the compilation
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This package also produces list of thumbnails in the output PDF document and
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active links in the table of contents.
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\section{Writing in ASCII or other encodings}
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By default, historically LaTeX accepts inputs which are pure ASCII (128),
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but not extended ASCII, meaning without accents (à, è etc.) and non-Latin symbols.
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It is easy to insert accents and basic Latin symbols, with backslash shortcuts
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Like \,c, \'e, \`A, \ae and \oe etc. % for ç, é, À, etc
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% See https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Special_Characters#Escaped_codes for more
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To write directly in UTF-8, when compiling with pdflatex, use
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\begin{verbatim}
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\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
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\end{verbatim}
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The selected font has to support the glyphs used for your document, you have to add
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\begin{verbatim}
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\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
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\end{verbatim}
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Since LuaTeX and XeLaTeX were designed with built-in support for UTF-8, making
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life easier for writing in non-Latin alphabets.
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\section{End}
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That's all for now!
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% Most often, you would want to have a references section in your document.
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% The easiest way to set this up would be by using the bibliography section
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\begin{thebibliography}{1}
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% similar to other lists, the \bibitem command can be used to list items
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% each entry can then be cited directly in the body of the text
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\bibitem{latexwiki} The amazing \LaTeX{} wikibook: \emph{https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX}
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\bibitem{latextutorial} An actual tutorial: \emph{http://www.latex-tutorial.com}
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\end{thebibliography}
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% end the document
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\end{document}
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```
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## More on LaTeX
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* The amazing LaTeX Wikibook: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX)
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* An actual tutorial: [http://www.latex-tutorial.com/](http://www.latex-tutorial.com/)
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* A quick guide for learning LaTeX: [Learn LaTeX in 30 minutes](https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes)
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* An interactive platform to learn LaTeX (installationfree) [learnlatex.org/](https://www.learnlatex.org/)
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* Stack Exchange's question and answer site about TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, etc. [tex.stackexchange.com](https://tex.stackexchange.com/)
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