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380 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
380 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
---
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language: "MIPS Assembly"
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filename: MIPS.asm
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contributors:
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- ["Stanley Lim", "https://github.com/Spiderpig86"]
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---
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The MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages) Assembly language
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is designed to work with the MIPS microprocessor paradigm designed by J. L.
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Hennessy in 1981. These RISC processors are used in embedded systems such as
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gateways and routers.
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[Read More](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture)
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```asm
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# Comments are denoted with a '#'
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# Everything that occurs after a '#' will be ignored by the assembler's lexer.
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# Programs typically contain a .data and .text sections
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.data # Section where data is stored in memory (allocated in RAM), similar to
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# variables in higher-level languages
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# Declarations follow a ( label: .type value(s) ) form of declaration
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hello_world: .asciiz "Hello World\n" # Declare a null terminated string
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num1: .word 42 # Integers are referred to as words
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# (32-bit value)
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arr1: .word 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 # Array of words
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arr2: .byte 'a', 'b' # Array of chars (1 byte each)
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buffer: .space 60 # Allocates space in the RAM
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# (not cleared to 0)
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# Datatype sizes
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_byte: .byte 'a' # 1 byte
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_halfword: .half 53 # 2 bytes
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_word: .word 3 # 4 bytes
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_float: .float 3.14 # 4 bytes
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_double: .double 7.0 # 8 bytes
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.align 2 # Memory alignment of data, where
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# number indicates byte alignment
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# in powers of 2. (.align 2
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# represents word alignment since
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# 2^2 = 4 bytes)
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.text # Section that contains
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# instructions and program logic
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.globl _main # Declares an instruction label as
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# global, making it accessible to
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# other files
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_main: # MIPS programs execute
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# instructions sequentially, where
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# the code under this label will be
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# executed first
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# Let's print "hello world"
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la $a0, hello_world # Load address of string stored
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# in memory
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li $v0, 4 # Load the syscall value (number
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# indicating which syscall to make)
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syscall # Perform the specified syscall
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# with the given argument ($a0)
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# Registers (used to hold data during program execution)
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# $t0 - $t9 # Temporary registers used for
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# intermediate calculations inside
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# subroutines (not saved across
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# function calls)
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# $s0 - $s7 # Saved registers where values are
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# saved across subroutine calls.
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# Typically saved in stack
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# $a0 - $a3 # Argument registers for passing in
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# arguments for subroutines
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# $v0 - $v1 # Return registers for returning
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# values to caller function
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# Types of load/store instructions
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la $t0, label # Copy the address of a value in
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# memory specified by the label
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# into register $t0
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lw $t0, label # Copy a word value from memory
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lw $t1, 4($s0) # Copy a word value from an address
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# stored in a register with an
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# offset of 4 bytes (addr + 4)
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lb $t2, label # Copy a byte value to the
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# lower order portion of
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# the register $t2
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lb $t2, 0($s0) # Copy a byte value from the source
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# address in $s0 with offset 0
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# Same idea with 'lh' for halfwords
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sw $t0, label # Store word value into
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# memory address mapped by label
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sw $t0, 8($s0) # Store word value into address
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# specified in $s0 and offset of
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# 8 bytes
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# Same idea using 'sb' and 'sh' for bytes and halfwords. 'sa' does not exist
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### Math ###
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_math:
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# Remember to load your values into a register
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lw $t0, num # From the data section
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li $t0, 5 # Or from an immediate (constant)
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li $t1, 6
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add $t2, $t0, $t1 # $t2 = $t0 + $t1
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sub $t2, $t0, $t1 # $t2 = $t0 - $t1
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mul $t2, $t0, $t1 # $t2 = $t0 * $t1
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div $t2, $t0, $t1 # $t2 = $t0 / $t1 (Might not be
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# supported in some versions of MARS)
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div $t0, $t1 # Performs $t0 / $t1. Get the
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# quotient using 'mflo' and
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# remainder using 'mfhi'
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# Bitwise Shifting
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sll $t0, $t0, 2 # Bitwise shift to the left with
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# immediate (constant value) of 2
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sllv $t0, $t1, $t2 # Shift left by a variable amount
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# in register
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srl $t0, $t0, 5 # Bitwise shift to the right (does
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# not sign preserve, sign-extends
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# with 0)
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srlv $t0, $t1, $t2 # Shift right by a variable amount
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# in a register
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sra $t0, $t0, 7 # Bitwise arithmetic shift to
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# the right (preserves sign)
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srav $t0, $t1, $t2 # Shift right by a variable amount
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# in a register
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# Bitwise operators
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and $t0, $t1, $t2 # Bitwise AND
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andi $t0, $t1, 0xFFF # Bitwise AND with immediate
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or $t0, $t1, $t2 # Bitwise OR
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ori $t0, $t1, 0xFFF # Bitwise OR with immediate
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xor $t0, $t1, $t2 # Bitwise XOR
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xori $t0, $t1, 0xFFF # Bitwise XOR with immediate
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nor $t0, $t1, $t2 # Bitwise NOR
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## BRANCHING ##
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_branching:
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# The basic format of these branching instructions typically follow <instr>
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# <reg1> <reg2> <label> where label is the label we want to jump to if the
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# given conditional evaluates to true
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# Sometimes it is easier to write the conditional logic backward, as seen
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# in the simple if statement example below
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beq $t0, $t1, reg_eq # Will branch to reg_eq if
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# $t0 == $t1, otherwise
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# execute the next line
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bne $t0, $t1, reg_neq # Branches when $t0 != $t1
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b branch_target # Unconditional branch, will
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# always execute
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beqz $t0, req_eq_zero # Branches when $t0 == 0
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bnez $t0, req_neq_zero # Branches when $t0 != 0
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bgt $t0, $t1, t0_gt_t1 # Branches when $t0 > $t1
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bge $t0, $t1, t0_gte_t1 # Branches when $t0 >= $t1
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bgtz $t0, t0_gt0 # Branches when $t0 > 0
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blt $t0, $t1, t0_gt_t1 # Branches when $t0 < $t1
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ble $t0, $t1, t0_gte_t1 # Branches when $t0 <= $t1
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bltz $t0, t0_lt0 # Branches when $t0 < 0
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slt $s0, $t0, $t1 # "Set on Less Than"
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# when $t0 < $t1 with result in $s0
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# (1 for true)
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# Simple if statement
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# if (i == j)
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# f = g + h;
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# f = f - i;
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# Let $s0 = f, $s1 = g, $s2 = h, $s3 = i, $s4 = j
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bne $s3, $s4, L1 # if (i !=j)
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add $s0, $s1, $s2 # f = g + h
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L1:
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sub $s0, $s0, $s3 # f = f - i
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# Below is an example of finding the max of 3 numbers
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# A direct translation in Java from MIPS logic:
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# if (a > b)
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# if (a > c)
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# max = a;
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# else
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# max = c;
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# else
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# if (b > c)
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# max = b;
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# else
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# max = c;
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# Let $s0 = a, $s1 = b, $s2 = c, $v0 = return register
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ble $s0, $s1, a_LTE_b # if(a <= b) branch(a_LTE_b)
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ble $s0, $s2, max_C # if(a > b && a <=c) branch(max_C)
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move $v0, $s0 # else [a > b && a > c] max = a
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j done # Jump to the end of the program
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a_LTE_b: # Label for when a <= b
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ble $s1, $s2, max_C # if(a <= b && b <= c) branch(max_C)
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move $v0, $s1 # if(a <= b && b > c) max = b
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j done # Jump to done
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max_C:
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move $v0, $s2 # max = c
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done: # End of program
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## LOOPS ##
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_loops:
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# The basic structure of loops is having an exit condition and a jump
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# instruction to continue its execution
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li $t0, 0
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while:
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bgt $t0, 9, end_while # While $t0 is less than 10,
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# keep iterating
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#actual loop content would go here
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addi $t0, $t0, 1 # Increment the value
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j while # Jump back to the beginning of
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# the loop
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end_while:
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# 2D Matrix Traversal
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# Assume that $a0 stores the address of an integer matrix which is 3 x 3
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li $t0, 0 # Counter for i
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li $t1, 0 # Counter for j
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matrix_row:
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bgt $t0, 3, matrix_row_end
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matrix_col:
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bgt $t1, 3, matrix_col_end
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# Do stuff
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addi $t1, $t1, 1 # Increment the col counter
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matrix_col_end:
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# Do stuff
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addi $t0, $t0, 1
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matrix_row_end:
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## FUNCTIONS ##
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_functions:
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# Functions are callable procedures that can accept arguments and return
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# values all denoted with labels, like above
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main: # Programs begin with main func
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jal return_1 # jal will store the current PC in $ra
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# and then jump to return_1
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# What if we want to pass in args?
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# First we must pass in our parameters to the argument registers
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li $a0, 1
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li $a1, 2
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jal sum # Now we can call the function
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# How about recursion?
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# This is a bit more work since we need to make sure we save and restore
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# the previous PC in $ra since jal will automatically overwrite
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# on each call
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li $a0, 3
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jal fact
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li $v0, 10
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syscall
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# This function returns 1
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return_1:
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li $v0, 1 # Load val in return register $v0
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jr $ra # Jump back to old PC to continue exec
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# Function with 2 args
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sum:
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add $v0, $a0, $a1
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jr $ra # Return
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# Recursive function to find factorial
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fact:
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addi $sp, $sp, -8 # Allocate space in stack
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sw $s0, ($sp) # Store reg that holds current num
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sw $ra, 4($sp) # Store previous PC
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li $v0, 1 # Init return value
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beq $a0, 0, fact_done # Finish if param is 0
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# Otherwise, continue recursion
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move $s0, $a0 # Copy $a0 to $s0
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sub $a0, $a0, 1
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jal fact
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mul $v0, $s0, $v0 # Multiplication is done
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fact_done:
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lw $s0, ($sp)
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lw $ra, 4($sp) # Restore the PC
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addi $sp, $sp, 8
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jr $ra
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## MACROS ##
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_macros:
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# Macros are extremely useful for substituting repeated code blocks with a
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# single label for better readability
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# These are in no means substitutes for functions
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# These must be declared before it is used
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# Macro for printing newlines (since these can be very repetitive)
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.macro println()
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la $a0, newline # New line string stored here
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li $v0, 4
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syscall
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.end_macro
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println() # Assembler will copy that block of
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# code here before running
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# Parameters can be passed in through macros.
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# These are denoted by a '%' sign with any name you choose
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.macro print_int(%num)
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li $v0, 1
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lw $a0, %num
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syscall
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.end_macro
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li $t0, 1
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print_int($t0)
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# We can also pass in immediates for macros
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.macro immediates(%a, %b)
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add $t0, %a, %b
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.end_macro
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immediates(3, 5)
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# Along with passing in labels
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.macro print(%string)
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la $a0, %string
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li $v0, 4
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syscall
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.end_macro
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print(hello_world)
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## ARRAYS ##
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.data
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list: .word 3, 0, 1, 2, 6 # This is an array of words
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char_arr: .asciiz "hello" # This is a char array
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buffer: .space 128 # Allocates a block in memory, does
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# not automatically clear
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# These blocks of memory are aligned
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# next to each other
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.text
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la $s0, list # Load address of list
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li $t0, 0 # Counter
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li $t1, 5 # Length of the list
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loop:
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bge $t0, $t1, end_loop
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lw $a0, ($s0)
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li $v0, 1
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syscall # Print the number
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addi $s0, $s0, 4 # Size of a word is 4 bytes
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addi $t0, $t0, 1 # Increment
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j loop
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end_loop:
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## INCLUDE ##
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# You do this to import external files into your program (behind the scenes,
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# it really just takes whatever code that is in that file and places it where
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# the include statement is)
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.include "somefile.asm"
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```
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