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659 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
659 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
---
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language: Vimscript
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filename: learnvimscript.vim
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contributors:
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- ["HiPhish", "http://hiphish.github.io/"]
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---
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```vim
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" ##############
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" Introduction
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" ##############
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"
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" Vim script (also called VimL) is the subset of Vim's ex-commands which
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" supplies a number of features one would expect from a scripting language,
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" such as values, variables, functions or loops. Always keep in the back of
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" your mind that a Vim script file is just a sequence of ex-commands. It is
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" very common for a script to mix programming-language features and raw
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" ex-commands.
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"
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" You can run Vim script directly by entering the commands in command-line mode
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" (press `:` to enter command-line mode), or you can write them to a file
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" (without the leading `:`) and source it in a running Vim instance (`:source
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" path/to/file`). Some files are sourced automatically as part of your
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" configuration (see |startup|). This guide assumes that you are familiar
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" with ex-commands and will only cover the scripting. Help topics to the
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" relevant manual sections are included.
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"
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" See |usr_41.txt| for the official introduction to Vim script. A comment is
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" anything following an unmatched `"` until the end of the line, and `|`
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" separates instructions (what `;` does in most other languages). References to
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" the manual as surrounded with `|`, such as |help.txt|.
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" This is a comment
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" The vertical line '|' (pipe) separates commands
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echo 'Hello' | echo 'world!'
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" Putting a comment after a command usually works
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pwd " Displays the current working directory
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" Except for some commands it does not; use the command delimiter before the
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" comment (echo assumes that the quotation mark begins a string)
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echo 'Hello world!' | " Displays a message
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" Line breaks can be escaped by placing a backslash as the first non-whitespace
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" character on the *following* line. Only works in script files, not on the
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" command line
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echo " Hello
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\ world "
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echo [1,
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\ 2]
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echo {
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\ 'a': 1,
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\ 'b': 2
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\}
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" #######
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" Types
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" #######
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"
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" For an overview of types see |E712|. For an overview of operators see
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" |expression-syntax|
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" Numbers (|expr-number|)
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" #######
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echo 123 | " Decimal
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echo 0b1111011 | " Binary
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echo 0173 | " Octal
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echo 0x7B | " Hexadecimal
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echo 123.0 | " Floating-point
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echo 1.23e2 | " Floating-point (scientific notation)
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" Note that an *integer* number with a leading `0` is in octal notation. The
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" usual arithmetic operations are supported.
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echo 1 + 2 | " Addition
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echo 1 - 2 | " Subtraction
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echo - 1 | " Negation (unary minus)
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echo + 1 | " Unary plus (does nothing really, but still legal)
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echo 1 * 2 | " Multiplication
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echo 1 / 2 | " Division
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echo 1 % 2 | " Modulo (remainder)
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" Booleans (|Boolean|)
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" ########
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"
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" The number 0 is false, every other number is true. Strings are implicitly
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" converted to numbers (see below). There are two pre-defined semantic
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" constants.
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echo v:true | " Evaluates to 1 or the string 'v:true'
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echo v:false | " Evaluates to 0 or the string 'v:false'
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" Boolean values can result from comparison of two objects.
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echo x == y | " Equality by value
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echo x != y | " Inequality
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echo x > y | " Greater than
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echo x >= y | " Greater than or equal
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echo x < y | " Smaller than
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echo x <= y | " Smaller than or equal
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echo x is y | " Instance identity (lists and dictionaries)
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echo x isnot y | " Instance non-identity (lists and dictionaries)
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" Strings are compared based on their alphanumerical ordering
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" echo 'a' < 'b'. Case sensitivity depends on the setting of 'ignorecase'
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"
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" Explicit case-sensitivity is specified by appending '#' (match case) or '?'
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" (ignore case) to the operator. Prefer explicitly case sensitivity when writing
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" portable scripts.
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echo 'a' < 'B' | " True or false depending on 'ignorecase'
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echo 'a' <? 'B' | " True
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echo 'a' <# 'B' | " False
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" Regular expression matching
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echo "hi" =~ "hello" | " Regular expression match, uses 'ignorecase'
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echo "hi" =~# "hello" | " Regular expression match, case sensitive
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echo "hi" =~? "hello" | " Regular expression match, case insensitive
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echo "hi" !~ "hello" | " Regular expression unmatch, use 'ignorecase'
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echo "hi" !~# "hello" | " Regular expression unmatch, case sensitive
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echo "hi" !~? "hello" | " Regular expression unmatch, case insensitive
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" Boolean operations are possible.
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echo v:true && v:false | " Logical AND
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echo v:true || v:false | " Logical OR
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echo ! v:true | " Logical NOT
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echo v:true ? 'yes' : 'no' | " Ternary operator
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" Strings (|String|)
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" #######
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"
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" An ordered zero-indexed sequence of bytes. The encoding of text into bytes
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" depends on the option |'encoding'|.
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" Literal constructors
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echo "Hello world\n" | " The last two characters stand for newline
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echo 'Hello world\n' | " The last two characters are literal
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echo 'Let''s go!' | " Two single quotes become one quote character
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" Single-quote strings take all characters are literal, except two single
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" quotes, which are taken to be a single quote in the string itself. See
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" |expr-quote| for all possible escape sequences.
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" String concatenation
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" The .. operator is preferred, but only supported in since Vim 8.1.1114
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echo 'Hello ' . 'world' | " String concatenation
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echo 'Hello ' .. 'world' | " String concatenation (new variant)
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" String indexing
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echo 'Hello'[0] | " First byte
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echo 'Hello'[1] | " Second byte
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echo 'Hellö'[4] | " Returns a byte, not the character 'ö'
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" Substrings (second index is inclusive)
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echo 'Hello'[:] | " Copy of entire string
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echo 'Hello'[1:3] | " Substring, second to fourth byte
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echo 'Hello'[1:-2] | " Substring until second to last byte
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echo 'Hello'[1:] | " Substring with starting index
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echo 'Hello'[:2] | " Substring with ending index
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echo 'Hello'[-2:] | " Substring relative to end of string
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" A negative index is relative to the end of the string. See
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" |string-functions| for all string-related functions.
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" Lists (|List|)
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" #####
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"
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" An ordered zero-indexed heterogeneous sequence of arbitrary Vim script
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" objects.
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" Literal constructor
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echo [] | " Empty list
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echo [1, 2, 'Hello'] | " List with elements
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echo [1, 2, 'Hello', ] | " Trailing comma permitted
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echo [[1, 2], 'Hello'] | " Lists can be nested arbitrarily
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" List concatenation
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echo [1, 2] + [3, 4] | " Creates a new list
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" List indexing, negative is relative to end of list (|list-index|)
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][2] | " Third element
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][-1] | " Last element
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" List slicing (|sublist|)
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][:] | " Shallow copy of entire list
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][:2] | " Sublist until third item (inclusive)
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][2:] | " Sublist from third item (inclusive)
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echo [1, 2, 3, 4][:-2] | " Sublist until second-to-last item (inclusive)
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" All slicing operations create new lists. To modify a list in-place use list
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" functions (|list-functions|) or assign directly to an item (see below about
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" variables).
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" Dictionaries (|Dictionary|)
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" ############
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"
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" An unordered sequence of key-value pairs, keys are always strings (numbers
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" are implicitly converted to strings).
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" Dictionary literal
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echo {} | " Empty dictionary
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echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2} | " Dictionary literal
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echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2, } | " Trailing comma permitted
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echo {'x': {'a': 1, 'b': 2}} | " Nested dictionary
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" Indexing a dictionary
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echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2}['a'] | " Literal index
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echo {'a': 1, 'b': 2}.a | " Syntactic sugar for simple keys
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" See |dict-functions| for dictionary manipulation functions.
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" Funcref (|Funcref|)
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" #######
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"
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" Reference to a function, uses the function name as a string for construction.
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" When stored in a variable the name of the variable has the same restrictions
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" as a function name (see below).
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echo function('type') | " Reference to function type()
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" Note that `funcref('type')` will throw an error because the argument must be
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" a user-defined function; see further below for defining your own functions.
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echo funcref('type') | " Reference by identity, not name
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" A lambda (|lambda|) is an anonymous function; it can only contain one
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" expression in its body, which is also its implicit return value.
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echo {x -> x * x} | " Anonymous function
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echo function('substitute', ['hello']) | " Partial function
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" Regular expression (|regular-expression|)
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" ##################
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"
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" A regular expression pattern is generally a string, but in some cases you can
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" also use a regular expression between a pair of delimiters (usually `/`, but
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" you can choose anything).
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" Substitute 'hello' for 'Hello'
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substitute/hello/Hello/
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" ###########################
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" Implicit type conversions
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" ###########################
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"
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" Strings are converted to numbers, and numbers to strings when necessary. A
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" number becomes its decimal notation as a string. A string becomes its
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" numerical value if it can be parsed to a number, otherwise it becomes zero.
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echo "1" + 1 | " Number
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echo "1" .. 1 | " String
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echo "0xA" + 1 | " Number
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" Strings are treated like numbers when used as booleans
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echo "true" ? 1 : 0 | " This string is parsed to 0, which is false
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" ###########
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" Variables
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" ###########
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"
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" Variables are bound within a scope; if no scope is provided a default is
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" chosen by Vim. Use `:let` and `:const` to bind a value and `:unlet` to unbind
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" it.
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let b:my_var = 1 | " Local to current buffer
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let w:my_var = 1 | " Local to current window
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let t:my_var = 1 | " Local to current tab page
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let g:my_var = 1 | " Global variable
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let l:my_var = 1 | " Local to current function (see functions below)
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let s:my_var = 1 | " Local to current script file
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let a:my_arg = 1 | " Function argument (see functions below)
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" The Vim scope is read-only
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echo v:true | " Special built-in Vim variables (|v:var|)
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" Access special Vim memory like variables
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let @a = 'Hello' | " Register
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let $PATH='' | " Environment variable
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let &textwidth = 79 | " Option
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let &l:textwidth = 79 | " Local option
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let &g:textwidth = 79 | " Global option
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" Access scopes as dictionaries (can be modified like all dictionaries)
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" See the |dict-functions|, especially |get()|, for access and manipulation
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echo b: | " All buffer variables
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echo w: | " All window variables
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echo t: | " All tab page variables
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echo g: | " All global variables
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echo l: | " All local variables
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echo s: | " All script variables
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echo a: | " All function arguments
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echo v: | " All Vim variables
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" Constant variables
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const x = 10 | " See |:const|, |:lockvar|
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" Function reference variables have the same restrictions as function names
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let IsString = {x -> type(x) == type('')} | " Global: capital letter
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let s:isNumber = {x -> type(x) == type(0)} | " Local: any name allowed
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" When omitted the scope `g:` is implied, except in functions, there `l:` is
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" implied.
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" Multiple value binding (list unpacking)
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" #######################################
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"
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" Assign values of list to multiple variables (number of items must match)
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let [x, y] = [1, 2]
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" Assign the remainder to a rest variable (note the semicolon)
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let [mother, father; children] = ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol', 'Dennis', 'Emily']
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" ##############
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" Flow control
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" ##############
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" Conditional (|:if|, |:elseif|, |:else|, |:endif|)
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" ###########
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"
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" Conditions are set between `if` and `endif`. They can be nested.
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let condition = v:true
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if condition
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echo 'First condition'
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elseif another_condition
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echo 'Second condition'
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else
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echo 'Fail'
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endif
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" Loops (|:for|, |:endfor|, |:while|, |:endwhile|, |:break|, |:continue|)
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" #####
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"
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" Two types of loops: `:for` and `:while`. Use `:continue` to skip to the next
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" iteration, `:break` to break out of the loop.
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" For-loop (|:for|, |:endfor|)
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" ========
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"
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" For-loops iterate over lists and nothing else. If you want to iterate over
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" another sequence you need to use a function which will create a list.
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" Iterate over a list
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for person in ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol', 'Dennis', 'Emily']
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echo 'Hello ' .. person
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endfor
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" Iterate over a nested list by unpacking it
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for [x, y] in [[1, 0], [0, 1], [-1, 0], [0, -1]]
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echo 'Position: x =' .. x .. ', y = ' .. y
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endfor
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" Iterate over a range of numbers
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for i in range(10, 0, -1) " Count down from 10
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echo 'T minus' .. i
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endfor
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" Iterate over the keys of a dictionary
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for symbol in keys({'π': 3.14, 'e': 2.71})
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echo 'The constant ' .. symbol .. ' is a transcendent number'
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endfor
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" Iterate over the values of a dictionary
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for value in values({'π': 3.14, 'e': 2.71})
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echo 'The value ' .. value .. ' approximates a transcendent number'
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endfor
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" Iterate over the keys and values of a dictionary
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for [symbol, value] in items({'π': 3.14, 'e': 2.71})
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echo 'The number ' .. symbol .. ' is approximately ' .. value
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endfor
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" While-loops (|:while|, |:endwhile|)
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let there_yet = v:true
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while !there_yet
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echo 'Are we there yet?'
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endwhile
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" Exception handling (|exception-handling|)
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" ##################
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"
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" Throw new exceptions as strings, catch them by pattern-matching a regular
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" expression against the string
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" Throw new exception
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throw "Wrong arguments"
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" Guard against an exception (the second catch matches any exception)
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try
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source path/to/file
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catch /Cannot open/
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echo 'Looks like that file does not exist'
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catch /.*/
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echo 'Something went wrong, but I do not know what'
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finally
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echo 'I am done trying'
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endtry
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" ##########
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" Functions
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" ##########
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" Defining functions (|:function|, |:endfunction|)
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" ##################
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" Unscoped function names have to start with a capital letter
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function! AddNumbersLoudly(x, y)
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" Use a: scope to access arguments
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echo 'Adding' .. a:x .. 'and' .. a:y | " A side effect
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return a:x + a:y | " A return value
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endfunction
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" Scoped function names may start with a lower-case letter
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function! s:addNumbersLoudly(x, y)
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echo 'Adding' .. a:x .. 'and' .. a:y
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return a:x + a:y
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endfunction
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" Without the exclamation mark it would be an error to re-define a function,
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" with the exclamation mark the new definition can replace the old one. Since
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" Vim script files can be reloaded several times over the course of a session
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" it is best to use the exclamation mark unless you really know what you are
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" doing.
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" Function definitions can have special qualifiers following the argument list.
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" Range functions define two implicit arguments, which will be set to the range
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" of the ex-command
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function! FirstAndLastLine() range
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echo [a:firstline, a:lastline]
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endfunction
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" Prints the first and last line that match a pattern (|cmdline-ranges|)
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/^#!/,/!#$/call FirstAndLastLine()
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" Aborting functions, abort once error occurs (|:func-abort|)
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function! SourceMyFile() abort
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source my-file.vim | " Try sourcing non-existing file
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echo 'This will never be printed'
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endfunction
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" Closures, functions carrying values from outer scope (|:func-closure|)
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function! MakeAdder(x)
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function! Adder(n) closure
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return a:n + a:x
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endfunction
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return funcref('Adder')
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endfunction
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let AddFive = MakeAdder(5)
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echo AddFive(3) | " Prints 8
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" Dictionary functions, poor man's OOP methods (|Dictionary-function|)
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function! Mylen() dict
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return len(self.data) | " Implicit variable self
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endfunction
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let mydict = {'data': [0, 1, 2, 3], 'len': function("Mylen")}
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echo mydict.len()
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" Alternatively, more concise
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let mydict = {'data': [0, 1, 2, 3]}
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function! mydict.len()
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return len(self.data)
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endfunction
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" Calling functions (|:call|)
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" #################
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" Call a function for its return value, and possibly for its side effects
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let animals = keys({'cow': 'moo', 'dog': 'woof', 'cat': 'meow'})
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" Call a function for its side effects only, ignore potential return value
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call sign_undefine()
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" The call() function calls a function reference and passes parameters as a
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" list, and returns the function's result.
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echo call(function('get'), [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, 'c', 3]) | " Prints 3
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" Recall that Vim script is embedded within the ex-commands, that is why we
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" cannot just call a function directly, we have to use the `:call` ex-command.
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" Function namespaces (|write-library-script|, |autoload|)
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" ###################
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" Must be defined in autoload/foo/bar.vim
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" Namspaced function names do not have to start with a capital letter
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function! foo#bar#log(value)
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echomsg value
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endfunction
|
|
|
|
call foo#bar#log('Hello')
|
|
|
|
|
|
" #############################
|
|
" Frequently used ex-commands
|
|
" #############################
|
|
|
|
|
|
" Sourcing runtime files (|'runtimepath'|)
|
|
" ######################
|
|
|
|
" Source first match among runtime paths
|
|
runtime plugin/my-plugin.vim
|
|
|
|
|
|
" Defining new ex-commands (|40.2|, |:command|)
|
|
" ########################
|
|
|
|
" First argument here is the name of the command, rest is the command body
|
|
command! SwapAdjacentLines normal! ddp
|
|
|
|
" The exclamation mark works the same as with `:function`. User-defined
|
|
" commands must start with a capital letter. The `:command` command can take a
|
|
" number of attributes (some of which have their own parameters with `=`), such
|
|
" as `-nargs`, all of them start with a dash to set them apart from the command
|
|
" name.
|
|
|
|
command! -nargs=1 Error echoerr <args>
|
|
|
|
|
|
" Defining auto-commands (|40.3|, |autocmd|, |autocommand-events|)
|
|
" ######################
|
|
|
|
" The arguments are "events", "patterns", rest is "commands"
|
|
autocmd BufWritePost $MYVIMRC source $MYVIMRC
|
|
|
|
" Events and patterns are separated by commas with no space between. See
|
|
" |autocmd-events| for standard events, |User| for custom events. Everything
|
|
" else are the ex-commands which will be executed.
|
|
|
|
" Auto groups
|
|
" ===========
|
|
"
|
|
" When a file is sourced multiple times the auto-commands are defined anew,
|
|
" without deleting the old ones, causing auto-commands to pile up over time.
|
|
" Use auto-groups and the following ritual to guard against this.
|
|
|
|
augroup auto-source | " The name of the group is arbitrary
|
|
autocmd! | " Deletes all auto-commands in the current group
|
|
autocmd BufWritePost $MYVIMRC source $MYVIMRC
|
|
augroup END | " Switch back to default auto-group
|
|
|
|
" It is also possible to assign a group directly. This is useful if the
|
|
" definition of the group is in one script and the definition of the
|
|
" auto-command is in another script.
|
|
|
|
" In one file
|
|
augroup auto-source
|
|
autocmd!
|
|
augroup END
|
|
|
|
" In another file
|
|
autocmd auto-source BufWritePost $MYVIMRC source $MYVIMRC
|
|
|
|
" Executing (run-time macros of sorts)
|
|
" ####################################
|
|
|
|
" Sometimes we need to construct an ex-command where part of the command is not
|
|
" known until runtime.
|
|
|
|
let line = 3 | " Line number determined at runtime
|
|
execute line .. 'delete' | " Delete a line
|
|
|
|
" Executing normal-mode commands
|
|
" ##############################
|
|
"
|
|
" Use `:normal` to play back a sequence of normal mode commands from the
|
|
" command-line. Add an exclamation mark to ignore user mappings.
|
|
|
|
normal! ggddGp | " Transplant first line to end of buffer
|
|
|
|
" Window commands can be used with :normal, or with :wincmd if :normal would
|
|
" not work
|
|
wincmd L | " Move current window all the way to the right
|
|
|
|
|
|
" ###########################
|
|
" Frequently used functions
|
|
" ###########################
|
|
|
|
" Feature check
|
|
echo has('nvim') | " Running Neovim
|
|
echo has('python3') | " Support for Python 3 plugins
|
|
echo has('unix') | " Running on a Unix system
|
|
echo has('win32') | " Running on a Windows system
|
|
|
|
|
|
" Test if something exists
|
|
echo exists('&mouse') | " Option (exists only)
|
|
echo exists('+mouse') | " Option (exists and works)
|
|
echo exists('$HOSTNAME') | " Environment variable
|
|
echo exists('*strftime') | " Built-in function
|
|
echo exists('**s:MyFunc') | " User-defined function
|
|
echo exists('bufcount') | " Variable (scope optional)
|
|
echo exists('my_dict["foo"]') | " Variable (dictionary entry)
|
|
echo exists('my_dict["foo"]') | " Variable (dictionary entry)
|
|
echo exists(':Make') | " Command
|
|
echo exists("#CursorHold") | " Auto-command defined for event
|
|
echo exists("#BufReadPre#*.gz") | " Event and pattern
|
|
echo exists("#filetypeindent") | " Auto-command group
|
|
echo exists("##ColorScheme") | " Auto-command supported for event
|
|
|
|
" Various dynamic values (see |expand()|)
|
|
echo expand('%') | " Current file name
|
|
echo expand('<cword>') | " Current word under cursor
|
|
echo expand('%:p') | " Modifier are possible
|
|
|
|
" Type tests
|
|
" There are unique constants defined for the following types. Older versions
|
|
" of Vim lack the type variables, see the reference " documentation for a
|
|
" workaround
|
|
echo type(my_var) == v:t_number | " Number
|
|
echo type(my_var) == v:t_string | " String
|
|
echo type(my_var) == v:t_func | " Funcref
|
|
echo type(my_var) == v:t_list | " List
|
|
echo type(my_var) == v:t_dict | " Dictionary
|
|
echo type(my_var) == v:t_float | " Float
|
|
echo type(my_var) == v:t_bool | " Explicit Boolean
|
|
" For the null object should compare it against itself
|
|
echo my_var is v:null
|
|
|
|
" Format strings
|
|
echo printf('%d in hexadecimal is %X', 123, 123)
|
|
|
|
|
|
" #####################
|
|
" Tricks of the trade
|
|
" #####################
|
|
|
|
" Source guard
|
|
" ############
|
|
|
|
" Prevent a file from being sourced multiple times; users can set the variable
|
|
" in their configuration to prevent the plugin from loading at all.
|
|
if exists('g:loaded_my_plugin')
|
|
finish
|
|
endif
|
|
let g:loaded_my_plugin = v:true
|
|
|
|
" Default values
|
|
" ##############
|
|
|
|
" Get a default value: if the user defines a variable use it, otherwise use a
|
|
" hard-coded default. Uses the fact that a scope is also a dictionary.
|
|
let s:greeting = get(g:, 'my_plugin_greeting', 'Hello')
|
|
```
|