mirror of
https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.git
synced 2024-12-18 04:42:32 +03:00
354 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
354 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
---
|
|
language: elisp
|
|
contributors:
|
|
- ["Bastien Guerry", "http://bzg.fr"]
|
|
filename: learn-emacs-lisp.el
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
```scheme
|
|
;; This gives an introduction to Emacs Lisp in 15 minutes (v0.2d)
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Author: Bastien / @bzg2 / http://bzg.fr
|
|
;;
|
|
;; First make sure you read this text by Peter Norvig:
|
|
;; http://norvig.com/21-days.html
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Then install GNU Emacs 24.3:
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Debian: apt-get install emacs (or see your distro instructions)
|
|
;; OSX: http://emacsformacosx.com/emacs-builds/Emacs-24.3-universal-10.6.8.dmg
|
|
;; Windows: http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/windows/emacs/emacs-24.3-bin-i386.zip
|
|
;;
|
|
;; More general information can be found at:
|
|
;; http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/#Obtaining
|
|
|
|
;; Important warning:
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Going through this tutorial won't damage your computer unless
|
|
;; you get so angry that you throw it on the floor. In that case,
|
|
;; I hereby decline any responsability. Have fun!
|
|
|
|
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Fire up Emacs.
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Hit the `q' key to dismiss the welcome message.
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Now look at the gray line at the bottom of the window:
|
|
;;
|
|
;; "*scratch*" is the name of the editing space you are now in.
|
|
;; This editing space is called a "buffer".
|
|
;;
|
|
;; The scratch buffer is the default buffer when opening Emacs.
|
|
;; You are never editing files: you are editing buffers that you
|
|
;; can save to a file.
|
|
;;
|
|
;; "Lisp interaction" refers to a set of commands available here.
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Emacs has a built-in set of commands available in every buffer,
|
|
;; and several subsets of commands available when you activate a
|
|
;; specific mode. Here we use the `lisp-interaction-mode', which
|
|
;; comes with commands to evaluate and navigate within Elisp code.
|
|
|
|
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Semi-colons start comments anywhere on a line.
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Elisp programs are made of symbolic expressions ("sexps"):
|
|
(+ 2 2)
|
|
|
|
;; This symbolic expression reads as "Add 2 to 2".
|
|
|
|
;; Sexps are enclosed into parentheses, possibly nested:
|
|
(+ 2 (+ 1 1))
|
|
|
|
;; A symbolic expression contains atoms or other symbolic
|
|
;; expressions. In the above examples, 1 and 2 are atoms,
|
|
;; (+ 2 (+ 1 1)) and (+ 1 1) are symbolic expressions.
|
|
|
|
;; From `lisp-interaction-mode' you can evaluate sexps.
|
|
;; Put the cursor right after the closing parenthesis then
|
|
;; hold down the control and hit the j keys ("C-j" for short).
|
|
|
|
(+ 3 (+ 1 2))
|
|
;; ^ cursor here
|
|
;; `C-j' => 6
|
|
|
|
;; `C-j' inserts the result of the evaluation in the buffer.
|
|
|
|
;; `C-xC-e' displays the same result in Emacs bottom line,
|
|
;; called the "minibuffer". We will generally use `C-xC-e',
|
|
;; as we don't want to clutter the buffer with useless text.
|
|
|
|
;; `setq' stores a value into a variable:
|
|
(setq my-name "Bastien")
|
|
;; `C-xC-e' => "Bastien" (displayed in the mini-buffer)
|
|
|
|
;; `insert' will insert "Hello!" where the cursor is:
|
|
(insert "Hello!")
|
|
;; `C-xC-e' => "Hello!"
|
|
|
|
;; We used `insert' with only one argument "Hello!", but
|
|
;; we can pass more arguments -- here we use two:
|
|
|
|
(insert "Hello" " world!")
|
|
;; `C-xC-e' => "Hello world!"
|
|
|
|
;; You can use variables instead of strings:
|
|
(insert "Hello, I am " my-name)
|
|
;; `C-xC-e' => "Hello, I am Bastien"
|
|
|
|
;; You can combine sexps into functions:
|
|
(defun hello () (insert "Hello, I am " my-name))
|
|
;; `C-xC-e' => hello
|
|
|
|
;; You can evaluate functions:
|
|
(hello)
|
|
;; `C-xC-e' => Hello, I am Bastien
|
|
|
|
;; The empty parentheses in the function's definition means that
|
|
;; it does not accept arguments. But always using `my-name' is
|
|
;; boring, let's tell the function to accept one argument (here
|
|
;; the argument is called "name"):
|
|
|
|
(defun hello (name) (insert "Hello " name))
|
|
;; `C-xC-e' => hello
|
|
|
|
;; Now let's call the function with the string "you" as the value
|
|
;; for its unique argument:
|
|
(hello "you")
|
|
;; `C-xC-e' => "Hello you"
|
|
|
|
;; Yeah!
|
|
|
|
;; Take a breath.
|
|
|
|
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Now switch to a new buffer named "*test*" in another window:
|
|
|
|
(switch-to-buffer-other-window "*test*")
|
|
;; `C-xC-e'
|
|
;; => [screen has two windows and cursor is in the *test* buffer]
|
|
|
|
;; Mouse over the top window and left-click to go back. Or you can
|
|
;; use `C-xo' (i.e. hold down control-x and hit o) to go to the other
|
|
;; window interactively.
|
|
|
|
;; You can combine several sexps with `progn':
|
|
(progn
|
|
(switch-to-buffer-other-window "*test*")
|
|
(hello "you"))
|
|
;; `C-xC-e'
|
|
;; => [The screen has two windows and cursor is in the *test* buffer]
|
|
|
|
;; Now if you don't mind, I'll stop asking you to hit `C-xC-e': do it
|
|
;; for every sexp that follows.
|
|
|
|
;; Always go back to the *scratch* buffer with the mouse or `C-xo'.
|
|
|
|
;; It's often useful to erase the buffer:
|
|
(progn
|
|
(switch-to-buffer-other-window "*test*")
|
|
(erase-buffer)
|
|
(hello "there"))
|
|
|
|
;; Or to go back to the other window:
|
|
(progn
|
|
(switch-to-buffer-other-window "*test*")
|
|
(erase-buffer)
|
|
(hello "you")
|
|
(other-window 1))
|
|
|
|
;; You can bind a value to a local variable with `let':
|
|
(let ((local-name "you"))
|
|
(switch-to-buffer-other-window "*test*")
|
|
(erase-buffer)
|
|
(hello local-name)
|
|
(other-window 1))
|
|
|
|
;; No need to use `progn' in that case, since `let' also combines
|
|
;; several sexps.
|
|
|
|
;; Let's format a string:
|
|
(format "Hello %s!\n" "visitor")
|
|
|
|
;; %s is a place-holder for a string, replaced by "visitor".
|
|
;; \n is the newline character.
|
|
|
|
;; Let's refine our function by using format:
|
|
(defun hello (name)
|
|
(insert (format "Hello %s!\n" name)))
|
|
|
|
(hello "you")
|
|
|
|
;; Let's create another function which uses `let':
|
|
(defun greeting (name)
|
|
(let ((your-name "Bastien"))
|
|
(insert (format "Hello %s!\n\nI am %s."
|
|
name ; the argument of the function
|
|
your-name ; the let-bound variable "Bastien"
|
|
))))
|
|
|
|
;; And evaluate it:
|
|
(greeting "you")
|
|
|
|
;; Some function are interactive:
|
|
(read-from-minibuffer "Enter your name: ")
|
|
|
|
;; Evaluating this function returns what you entered at the prompt.
|
|
|
|
;; Let's make our `greeting' function prompt for your name:
|
|
(defun greeting (from-name)
|
|
(let ((your-name (read-from-minibuffer "Enter your name: ")))
|
|
(insert (format "Hello!\n\nI am %s and you are %s."
|
|
from-name ; the argument of the function
|
|
your-name ; the let-bound var, entered at prompt
|
|
))))
|
|
|
|
(greeting "Bastien")
|
|
|
|
;; Let's complete it by displaying the results in the other window:
|
|
(defun greeting (from-name)
|
|
(let ((your-name (read-from-minibuffer "Enter your name: ")))
|
|
(switch-to-buffer-other-window "*test*")
|
|
(erase-buffer)
|
|
(insert (format "Hello %s!\n\nI am %s." your-name from-name))
|
|
(other-window 1)))
|
|
|
|
;; Now test it:
|
|
(greeting "Bastien")
|
|
|
|
;; Take a breath.
|
|
|
|
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Let's store a list of names:
|
|
(setq list-of-names '("Sarah" "Chloe" "Mathilde"))
|
|
|
|
;; Get the first element of this list with `car':
|
|
(car list-of-names)
|
|
|
|
;; Get a list of all but the first element with `cdr':
|
|
(cdr list-of-names)
|
|
|
|
;; Add an element to the beginning of a list with `push':
|
|
(push "Stephanie" list-of-names)
|
|
|
|
;; NOTE: `car' and `cdr' don't modify the list, but `push' does.
|
|
;; This is an important difference: some functions don't have any
|
|
;; side-effects (like `car') while others have (like `push').
|
|
|
|
;; Let's call `hello' for each element in `list-of-names':
|
|
(mapcar 'hello list-of-names)
|
|
|
|
;; Refine `greeting' to say hello to everyone in `list-of-names':
|
|
(defun greeting ()
|
|
(switch-to-buffer-other-window "*test*")
|
|
(erase-buffer)
|
|
(mapcar 'hello list-of-names)
|
|
(other-window 1))
|
|
|
|
(greeting)
|
|
|
|
;; Remember the `hello' function we defined above? It takes one
|
|
;; argument, a name. `mapcar' calls `hello', successively using each
|
|
;; element of `list-of-names' as the argument for `hello'.
|
|
|
|
;; Now let's arrange a bit what we have in the displayed buffer:
|
|
|
|
(defun replace-hello-by-bonjour ()
|
|
(switch-to-buffer-other-window "*test*")
|
|
(goto-char (point-min))
|
|
(while (search-forward "Hello")
|
|
(replace-match "Bonjour"))
|
|
(other-window 1))
|
|
|
|
;; (goto-char (point-min)) goes to the beginning of the buffer.
|
|
;; (search-forward "Hello") searches for the string "Hello".
|
|
;; (while x y) evaluates the y sexp(s) while x returns something.
|
|
;; If x returns `nil' (nothing), we exit the while loop.
|
|
|
|
(replace-hello-by-bonjour)
|
|
|
|
;; You should see all occurrences of "Hello" in the *test* buffer
|
|
;; replaced by "Bonjour".
|
|
|
|
;; You should also get an error: "Search failed: Hello".
|
|
;;
|
|
;; To avoid this error, you need to tell `search-forward' whether it
|
|
;; should stop searching at some point in the buffer, and whether it
|
|
;; should silently fail when nothing is found:
|
|
|
|
;; (search-forward "Hello" nil 't) does the trick:
|
|
|
|
;; The `nil' argument says: the search is not bound to a position.
|
|
;; The `'t' argument says: silently fail when nothing is found.
|
|
|
|
;; We use this sexp in the function below, which doesn't throw an error:
|
|
|
|
(defun hello-to-bonjour ()
|
|
(switch-to-buffer-other-window "*test*")
|
|
(erase-buffer)
|
|
;; Say hello to names in `list-of-names'
|
|
(mapcar 'hello list-of-names)
|
|
(goto-char (point-min))
|
|
;; Replace "Hello" by "Bonjour"
|
|
(while (search-forward "Hello" nil 't)
|
|
(replace-match "Bonjour"))
|
|
(other-window 1))
|
|
|
|
(hello-to-bonjour)
|
|
|
|
;; Let's colorize the names:
|
|
|
|
(defun boldify-names ()
|
|
(switch-to-buffer-other-window "*test*")
|
|
(goto-char (point-min))
|
|
(while (re-search-forward "Bonjour \\([^!]+\\)!" nil 't)
|
|
(add-text-properties (match-beginning 1)
|
|
(match-end 1)
|
|
(list 'face 'bold)))
|
|
(other-window 1))
|
|
|
|
;; This functions introduces `re-search-forward': instead of
|
|
;; searching for the string "Bonjour", you search for a pattern,
|
|
;; using a "regular expression" (abbreviated in the prefix "re-").
|
|
|
|
;; The regular expression is "Bonjour \\(.+\\)!" and it reads:
|
|
;; the string "Bonjour ", and
|
|
;; a group of | this is the \\( ... \\) construct
|
|
;; any character not ! | this is the [^!]
|
|
;; possibly repeated | this is the +
|
|
;; and the "!" string.
|
|
|
|
;; Ready? Test it!
|
|
|
|
(boldify-names)
|
|
|
|
;; `add-text-properties' adds... text properties, like a face.
|
|
|
|
;; OK, we are done. Happy hacking!
|
|
|
|
;; If you want to know more about a variable or a function:
|
|
;;
|
|
;; C-h v a-variable RET
|
|
;; C-h f a-function RET
|
|
;;
|
|
;; To read the Emacs Lisp manual with Emacs:
|
|
;;
|
|
;; C-h i m elisp RET
|
|
;;
|
|
;; To read an online introduction to Emacs Lisp:
|
|
;; https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/eintr/index.html
|
|
|
|
;; Thanks to these people for their feedback and suggestions:
|
|
;; - Wes Hardaker
|
|
;; - notbob
|
|
;; - Kevin Montuori
|
|
;; - Arne Babenhauserheide
|
|
;; - Alan Schmitt
|
|
;; - LinXitoW
|
|
;; - Aaron Meurer
|
|
```
|