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639 lines
21 KiB
FSharp
639 lines
21 KiB
FSharp
---
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language: F#
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contributors:
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- ["Scott Wlaschin", "http://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/"]
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filename: learnfsharp.fs
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---
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F# is a general purpose functional/OO programming language. It's free and open source, and runs on Linux, Mac, Windows and more.
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It has a powerful type system that traps many errors at compile time, but it uses type inference so that it reads more like a dynamic language.
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The syntax of F# is different from C-style languages:
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* Curly braces are not used to delimit blocks of code. Instead, indentation is used (like Python).
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* Whitespace is used to separate parameters rather than commas.
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If you want to try out the code below, you can go to [https://try.fsharp.org](https://try.fsharp.org) and paste it into an interactive REPL.
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```csharp
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// single line comments use a double slash
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(* multi line comments use (* . . . *) pair
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-end of multi line comment- *)
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// ================================================
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// Basic Syntax
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// ================================================
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// ------ "Variables" (but not really) ------
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// The "let" keyword defines an (immutable) value
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let myInt = 5
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let myFloat = 3.14
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let myString = "hello" // note that no types needed
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// ------ Lists ------
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let twoToFive = [2; 3; 4; 5] // Square brackets create a list with
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// semicolon delimiters.
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let oneToFive = 1 :: twoToFive // :: creates list with new 1st element
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// The result is [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]
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let zeroToFive = [0; 1] @ twoToFive // @ concats two lists
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// IMPORTANT: commas are never used as delimiters, only semicolons!
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// ------ Functions ------
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// The "let" keyword also defines a named function.
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let square x = x * x // Note that no parens are used.
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square 3 // Now run the function. Again, no parens.
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let add x y = x + y // don't use add (x,y)! It means something
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// completely different.
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add 2 3 // Now run the function.
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// to define a multiline function, just use indents. No semicolons needed.
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let evens list =
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let isEven x = x % 2 = 0 // Define "isEven" as a sub function. Note
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// that equality operator is single char "=".
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List.filter isEven list // List.filter is a library function
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// with two parameters: a boolean function
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// and a list to work on
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evens oneToFive // Now run the function
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// You can use parens to clarify precedence. In this example,
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// do "map" first, with two args, then do "sum" on the result.
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// Without the parens, "List.map" would be passed as an arg to List.sum
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let sumOfSquaresTo100 =
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List.sum ( List.map square [1..100] )
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// You can pipe the output of one operation to the next using "|>"
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// Piping data around is very common in F#, similar to UNIX pipes.
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// Here is the same sumOfSquares function written using pipes
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let sumOfSquaresTo100piped =
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[1..100] |> List.map square |> List.sum // "square" was defined earlier
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// you can define lambdas (anonymous functions) using the "fun" keyword
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let sumOfSquaresTo100withFun =
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[1..100] |> List.map (fun x -> x * x) |> List.sum
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// In F# there is no "return" keyword. A function always
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// returns the value of the last expression used.
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// ------ Pattern Matching ------
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// Match..with.. is a supercharged case/switch statement.
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let simplePatternMatch =
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let x = "a"
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match x with
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| "a" -> printfn "x is a"
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| "b" -> printfn "x is b"
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| _ -> printfn "x is something else" // underscore matches anything
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// F# doesn't allow nulls by default -- you must use an Option type
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// and then pattern match.
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// Some(..) and None are roughly analogous to Nullable wrappers
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let validValue = Some(99)
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let invalidValue = None
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// In this example, match..with matches the "Some" and the "None",
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// and also unpacks the value in the "Some" at the same time.
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let optionPatternMatch input =
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match input with
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| Some i -> printfn "input is an int=%d" i
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| None -> printfn "input is missing"
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optionPatternMatch validValue
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optionPatternMatch invalidValue
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// ------ Printing ------
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// The printf/printfn functions are similar to the
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// Console.Write/WriteLine functions in C#.
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printfn "Printing an int %i, a float %f, a bool %b" 1 2.0 true
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printfn "A string %s, and something generic %A" "hello" [1; 2; 3; 4]
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// There are also sprintf/sprintfn functions for formatting data
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// into a string, similar to String.Format in C#.
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// ================================================
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// More on functions
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// ================================================
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// F# is a true functional language -- functions are first
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// class entities and can be combined easily to make powerful
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// constructs
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// Modules are used to group functions together
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// Indentation is needed for each nested module.
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module FunctionExamples =
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// define a simple adding function
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let add x y = x + y
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// basic usage of a function
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let a = add 1 2
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printfn "1 + 2 = %i" a
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// partial application to "bake in" parameters
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let add42 = add 42
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let b = add42 1
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printfn "42 + 1 = %i" b
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// composition to combine functions
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let add1 = add 1
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let add2 = add 2
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let add3 = add1 >> add2
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let c = add3 7
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printfn "3 + 7 = %i" c
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// higher order functions
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[1..10] |> List.map add3 |> printfn "new list is %A"
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// lists of functions, and more
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let add6 = [add1; add2; add3] |> List.reduce (>>)
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let d = add6 7
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printfn "1 + 2 + 3 + 7 = %i" d
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// ================================================
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// Lists and collection
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// ================================================
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// There are three types of ordered collection:
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// * Lists are most basic immutable collection.
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// * Arrays are mutable and more efficient when needed.
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// * Sequences are lazy and infinite (e.g. an enumerator).
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//
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// Other collections include immutable maps and sets
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// plus all the standard .NET collections
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module ListExamples =
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// lists use square brackets
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let list1 = ["a"; "b"]
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let list2 = "c" :: list1 // :: is prepending
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let list3 = list1 @ list2 // @ is concat
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// list comprehensions (aka generators)
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let squares = [for i in 1..10 do yield i * i]
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// A prime number generator
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// - this is using a short notation for the pattern matching syntax
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// - (p::xs) is 'first :: tail' of the list, could also be written as p :: xs
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// this means this matches 'p' (the first item in the list), and xs is the rest of the list
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// this is called the 'cons pattern'
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// - uses 'rec' keyword, which is necessary when using recursion
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let rec sieve = function
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| (p::xs) -> p :: sieve [ for x in xs do if x % p > 0 then yield x ]
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| [] -> []
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let primes = sieve [2..50]
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printfn "%A" primes
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// pattern matching for lists
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let listMatcher aList =
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match aList with
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| [] -> printfn "the list is empty"
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| [first] -> printfn "the list has one element %A " first
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| [first; second] -> printfn "list is %A and %A" first second
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| first :: _ -> printfn "the list has more than two elements, first element %A" first
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listMatcher [1; 2; 3; 4]
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listMatcher [1; 2]
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listMatcher [1]
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listMatcher []
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// recursion using lists
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let rec sum aList =
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match aList with
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| [] -> 0
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| x::xs -> x + sum xs
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sum [1..10]
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// -----------------------------------------
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// Standard library functions
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// -----------------------------------------
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// map
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let add3 x = x + 3
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[1..10] |> List.map add3
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// filter
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let even x = x % 2 = 0
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[1..10] |> List.filter even
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// many more -- see documentation
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module ArrayExamples =
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// arrays use square brackets with bar
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let array1 = [| "a"; "b" |]
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let first = array1.[0] // indexed access using dot
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// pattern matching for arrays is same as for lists
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let arrayMatcher aList =
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match aList with
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| [| |] -> printfn "the array is empty"
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| [| first |] -> printfn "the array has one element %A " first
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| [| first; second |] -> printfn "array is %A and %A" first second
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| _ -> printfn "the array has more than two elements"
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arrayMatcher [| 1; 2; 3; 4 |]
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// Standard library functions just as for List
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[| 1..10 |]
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|> Array.map (fun i -> i + 3)
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|> Array.filter (fun i -> i % 2 = 0)
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|> Array.iter (printfn "value is %i. ")
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module SequenceExamples =
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// sequences use curly braces
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let seq1 = seq { yield "a"; yield "b" }
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// sequences can use yield and
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// can contain subsequences
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let strange = seq {
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// "yield" adds one element
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yield 1; yield 2;
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// "yield!" adds a whole subsequence
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yield! [5..10]
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yield! seq {
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for i in 1..10 do
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if i % 2 = 0 then yield i }}
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// test
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strange |> Seq.toList
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// Sequences can be created using "unfold"
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// Here's the fibonacci series
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let fib = Seq.unfold (fun (fst,snd) ->
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Some(fst + snd, (snd, fst + snd))) (0,1)
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// test
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let fib10 = fib |> Seq.take 10 |> Seq.toList
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printf "first 10 fibs are %A" fib10
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// ================================================
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// Data Types
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// ================================================
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module DataTypeExamples =
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// All data is immutable by default
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// Tuples are quick 'n easy anonymous types
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// -- Use a comma to create a tuple
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let twoTuple = 1, 2
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let threeTuple = "a", 2, true
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// Pattern match to unpack
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let x, y = twoTuple // sets x = 1, y = 2
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// ------------------------------------
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// Record types have named fields
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// ------------------------------------
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// Use "type" with curly braces to define a record type
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type Person = {First:string; Last:string}
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// Use "let" with curly braces to create a record
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let person1 = {First="John"; Last="Doe"}
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// Pattern match to unpack
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let {First = first} = person1 // sets first="John"
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// ------------------------------------
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// Union types (aka variants) have a set of choices
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// Only one case can be valid at a time.
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// ------------------------------------
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// Use "type" with bar/pipe to define a union type
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type Temp =
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| DegreesC of float
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| DegreesF of float
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// Use one of the cases to create one
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let temp1 = DegreesF 98.6
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let temp2 = DegreesC 37.0
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// Pattern match on all cases to unpack
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let printTemp = function
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| DegreesC t -> printfn "%f degC" t
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| DegreesF t -> printfn "%f degF" t
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printTemp temp1
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printTemp temp2
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// ------------------------------------
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// Recursive types
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// ------------------------------------
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// Types can be combined recursively in complex ways
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// without having to create subclasses
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type Employee =
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| Worker of Person
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| Manager of Employee list
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let jdoe = {First="John"; Last="Doe"}
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let worker = Worker jdoe
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// ------------------------------------
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// Modeling with types
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// ------------------------------------
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// Union types are great for modeling state without using flags
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type EmailAddress =
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| ValidEmailAddress of string
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| InvalidEmailAddress of string
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let trySendEmail email =
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match email with // use pattern matching
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| ValidEmailAddress address -> () // send
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| InvalidEmailAddress address -> () // don't send
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// The combination of union types and record types together
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// provide a great foundation for domain driven design.
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// You can create hundreds of little types that accurately
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// reflect the domain.
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type CartItem = { ProductCode: string; Qty: int }
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type Payment = Payment of float
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type ActiveCartData = { UnpaidItems: CartItem list }
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type PaidCartData = { PaidItems: CartItem list; Payment: Payment}
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type ShoppingCart =
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| EmptyCart // no data
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| ActiveCart of ActiveCartData
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| PaidCart of PaidCartData
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// ------------------------------------
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// Built in behavior for types
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// ------------------------------------
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// Core types have useful "out-of-the-box" behavior, no coding needed.
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// * Immutability
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// * Pretty printing when debugging
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// * Equality and comparison
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// * Serialization
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// Pretty printing using %A
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printfn "twoTuple=%A,\nPerson=%A,\nTemp=%A,\nEmployee=%A"
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twoTuple person1 temp1 worker
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// Equality and comparison built in.
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// Here's an example with cards.
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type Suit = Club | Diamond | Spade | Heart
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type Rank = Two | Three | Four | Five | Six | Seven | Eight
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| Nine | Ten | Jack | Queen | King | Ace
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let hand = [ Club, Ace; Heart, Three; Heart, Ace;
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Spade, Jack; Diamond, Two; Diamond, Ace ]
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// sorting
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List.sort hand |> printfn "sorted hand is (low to high) %A"
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List.max hand |> printfn "high card is %A"
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List.min hand |> printfn "low card is %A"
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// ================================================
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// Active patterns
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// ================================================
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module ActivePatternExamples =
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// F# has a special type of pattern matching called "active patterns"
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// where the pattern can be parsed or detected dynamically.
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// "banana clips" are the syntax for active patterns
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// You can use "elif" instead of "else if" in conditional expressions.
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// They are equivalent in F#
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// for example, define an "active" pattern to match character types...
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let (|Digit|Letter|Whitespace|Other|) ch =
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if System.Char.IsDigit(ch) then Digit
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elif System.Char.IsLetter(ch) then Letter
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elif System.Char.IsWhiteSpace(ch) then Whitespace
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else Other
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// ... and then use it to make parsing logic much clearer
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let printChar ch =
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match ch with
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| Digit -> printfn "%c is a Digit" ch
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| Letter -> printfn "%c is a Letter" ch
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| Whitespace -> printfn "%c is a Whitespace" ch
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| _ -> printfn "%c is something else" ch
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// print a list
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['a'; 'b'; '1'; ' '; '-'; 'c'] |> List.iter printChar
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// -----------------------------------
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// FizzBuzz using active patterns
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// -----------------------------------
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// You can create partial matching patterns as well
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// Just use underscore in the definition, and return Some if matched.
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let (|MultOf3|_|) i = if i % 3 = 0 then Some MultOf3 else None
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let (|MultOf5|_|) i = if i % 5 = 0 then Some MultOf5 else None
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// the main function
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let fizzBuzz i =
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match i with
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| MultOf3 & MultOf5 -> printf "FizzBuzz, "
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| MultOf3 -> printf "Fizz, "
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| MultOf5 -> printf "Buzz, "
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| _ -> printf "%i, " i
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// test
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[1..20] |> List.iter fizzBuzz
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// ================================================
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// Conciseness
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// ================================================
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module AlgorithmExamples =
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// F# has a high signal/noise ratio, so code reads
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// almost like the actual algorithm
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// ------ Example: define sumOfSquares function ------
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let sumOfSquares n =
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[1..n] // 1) take all the numbers from 1 to n
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|> List.map square // 2) square each one
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|> List.sum // 3) sum the results
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// test
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sumOfSquares 100 |> printfn "Sum of squares = %A"
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// ------ Example: define a sort function ------
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let rec sort list =
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match list with
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// If the list is empty
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| [] ->
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[] // return an empty list
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// If the list is not empty
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| firstElem::otherElements -> // take the first element
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let smallerElements = // extract the smaller elements
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otherElements // from the remaining ones
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|> List.filter (fun e -> e < firstElem)
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|> sort // and sort them
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let largerElements = // extract the larger ones
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otherElements // from the remaining ones
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|> List.filter (fun e -> e >= firstElem)
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|> sort // and sort them
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// Combine the 3 parts into a new list and return it
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List.concat [smallerElements; [firstElem]; largerElements]
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// test
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sort [1; 5; 23; 18; 9; 1; 3] |> printfn "Sorted = %A"
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// ================================================
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// Asynchronous Code
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// ================================================
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module AsyncExample =
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// F# has built-in features to help with async code
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// without encountering the "pyramid of doom"
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//
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// The following example downloads a set of web pages in parallel.
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open System.Net
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open System
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open System.IO
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open Microsoft.FSharp.Control.CommonExtensions
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// Fetch the contents of a URL asynchronously
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let fetchUrlAsync url =
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async { // "async" keyword and curly braces
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// creates an "async" object
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let req = WebRequest.Create(Uri(url))
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use! resp = req.AsyncGetResponse()
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// use! is async assignment
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use stream = resp.GetResponseStream()
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// "use" triggers automatic close()
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// on resource at end of scope
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use reader = new IO.StreamReader(stream)
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let html = reader.ReadToEnd()
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printfn "finished downloading %s" url
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}
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// a list of sites to fetch
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let sites = ["http://www.bing.com";
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"http://www.google.com";
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"http://www.microsoft.com";
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"http://www.amazon.com";
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"http://www.yahoo.com"]
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// do it
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sites
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|> List.map fetchUrlAsync // make a list of async tasks
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|> Async.Parallel // set up the tasks to run in parallel
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|> Async.RunSynchronously // start them off
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// ================================================
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// .NET compatibility
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// ================================================
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module NetCompatibilityExamples =
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// F# can do almost everything C# can do, and it integrates
|
|
// seamlessly with .NET or Mono libraries.
|
|
|
|
// ------- work with existing library functions -------
|
|
|
|
let (i1success, i1) = System.Int32.TryParse("123");
|
|
if i1success then printfn "parsed as %i" i1 else printfn "parse failed"
|
|
|
|
// ------- Implement interfaces on the fly! -------
|
|
|
|
// create a new object that implements IDisposable
|
|
let makeResource name =
|
|
{ new System.IDisposable
|
|
with member this.Dispose() = printfn "%s disposed" name }
|
|
|
|
let useAndDisposeResources =
|
|
use r1 = makeResource "first resource"
|
|
printfn "using first resource"
|
|
for i in [1..3] do
|
|
let resourceName = sprintf "\tinner resource %d" i
|
|
use temp = makeResource resourceName
|
|
printfn "\tdo something with %s" resourceName
|
|
use r2 = makeResource "second resource"
|
|
printfn "using second resource"
|
|
printfn "done."
|
|
|
|
// ------- Object oriented code -------
|
|
|
|
// F# is also a fully fledged OO language.
|
|
// It supports classes, inheritance, virtual methods, etc.
|
|
|
|
// interface with generic type
|
|
type IEnumerator<'a> =
|
|
abstract member Current : 'a
|
|
abstract MoveNext : unit -> bool
|
|
|
|
// abstract base class with virtual methods
|
|
[<AbstractClass>]
|
|
type Shape() =
|
|
// readonly properties
|
|
abstract member Width : int with get
|
|
abstract member Height : int with get
|
|
// non-virtual method
|
|
member this.BoundingArea = this.Height * this.Width
|
|
// virtual method with base implementation
|
|
abstract member Print : unit -> unit
|
|
default this.Print () = printfn "I'm a shape"
|
|
|
|
// concrete class that inherits from base class and overrides
|
|
type Rectangle(x:int, y:int) =
|
|
inherit Shape()
|
|
override this.Width = x
|
|
override this.Height = y
|
|
override this.Print () = printfn "I'm a Rectangle"
|
|
|
|
// test
|
|
let r = Rectangle(2, 3)
|
|
printfn "The width is %i" r.Width
|
|
printfn "The area is %i" r.BoundingArea
|
|
r.Print()
|
|
|
|
// ------- extension methods -------
|
|
|
|
// Just as in C#, F# can extend existing classes with extension methods.
|
|
type System.String with
|
|
member this.StartsWithA = this.StartsWith "A"
|
|
|
|
// test
|
|
let s = "Alice"
|
|
printfn "'%s' starts with an 'A' = %A" s s.StartsWithA
|
|
|
|
// ------- events -------
|
|
|
|
type MyButton() =
|
|
let clickEvent = new Event<_>()
|
|
|
|
[<CLIEvent>]
|
|
member this.OnClick = clickEvent.Publish
|
|
|
|
member this.TestEvent(arg) =
|
|
clickEvent.Trigger(this, arg)
|
|
|
|
// test
|
|
let myButton = new MyButton()
|
|
myButton.OnClick.Add(fun (sender, arg) ->
|
|
printfn "Click event with arg=%O" arg)
|
|
|
|
myButton.TestEvent("Hello World!")
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## More Information
|
|
|
|
For more demonstrations of F#, go to the [Try F#](http://www.tryfsharp.org/Learn) site, or my [why use F#](http://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/why-use-fsharp/) series.
|
|
|
|
Read more about F# at [fsharp.org](http://fsharp.org/).
|