mirror of
https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.git
synced 2024-11-27 13:32:56 +03:00
242 lines
6.6 KiB
Markdown
242 lines
6.6 KiB
Markdown
---
|
|
language: whip
|
|
contributors:
|
|
- ["Tenor Biel", "http://github.com/L8D"]
|
|
- ["Saurabh Sandav", "http://github.com/SaurabhSandav"]
|
|
- ["Paulo Henrique Rodrigues Pinheiro", "https://github.com/paulohrpinheiro"]
|
|
author: Tenor Biel
|
|
author_url: http://github.com/L8D
|
|
filename: whip.lisp
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
Whip is a LISP-dialect made for scripting and simplified concepts.
|
|
It has also borrowed a lot of functions and syntax from Haskell (a non-related language).
|
|
|
|
These docs were written by the creator of the language himself. So is this line.
|
|
|
|
```scheme
|
|
; Comments are like LISP. Semi-colons...
|
|
|
|
; Majority of first-level statements are inside "forms"
|
|
; which are just things inside parens separated by whitespace
|
|
not_in_form
|
|
(in_form)
|
|
|
|
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
|
|
; 1. Numbers, Strings, and Operators
|
|
|
|
; Whip has one number type (which is a 64-bit IEEE 754 double, from JavaScript).
|
|
3 ; => 3
|
|
1.5 ; => 1.5
|
|
|
|
; Functions are called if they are the first element in a form
|
|
(called_function args)
|
|
|
|
; Majority of operations are done with functions
|
|
; All the basic arithmetic is pretty straight forward
|
|
(+ 1 1) ; => 2
|
|
(- 2 1) ; => 1
|
|
(* 1 2) ; => 2
|
|
(/ 2 1) ; => 2
|
|
; even modulo
|
|
(% 9 4) ; => 1
|
|
; JavaScript-style uneven division.
|
|
(/ 5 2) ; => 2.5
|
|
|
|
; Nesting forms works as you expect.
|
|
(* 2 (+ 1 3)) ; => 8
|
|
|
|
; There's a boolean type.
|
|
true
|
|
false
|
|
|
|
; Strings are created with ".
|
|
"Hello, world"
|
|
|
|
; Single chars are created with '.
|
|
'a'
|
|
|
|
; Negation uses the 'not' function.
|
|
(not true) ; => false
|
|
(not false) ; => true
|
|
|
|
; But the majority of non-haskell functions have shortcuts
|
|
; not's shortcut is a '!'.
|
|
(! (! true)) ; => true
|
|
|
|
; Equality is `equal` or `=`.
|
|
(= 1 1) ; => true
|
|
(equal 2 1) ; => false
|
|
|
|
; For example, inequality would be combining the not and equal functions.
|
|
(! (= 2 1)) ; => true
|
|
|
|
; More comparisons
|
|
(< 1 10) ; => true
|
|
(> 1 10) ; => false
|
|
; and their word counterpart.
|
|
(lesser 1 10) ; => true
|
|
(greater 1 10) ; => false
|
|
|
|
; Strings can be concatenated with +.
|
|
(+ "Hello " "world!") ; => "Hello world!"
|
|
|
|
; You can use JavaScript's comparative abilities.
|
|
(< 'a' 'b') ; => true
|
|
; ...and type coercion
|
|
(= '5' 5)
|
|
|
|
; The `at` or @ function will access characters in strings, starting at 0.
|
|
(at 0 'a') ; => 'a'
|
|
(@ 3 "foobar") ; => 'b'
|
|
|
|
; There is also the `null` and `undefined` variables.
|
|
null ; used to indicate a deliberate non-value
|
|
undefined ; user to indicate a value that hasn't been set
|
|
|
|
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
|
|
; 2. Variables, Lists, and Dicts
|
|
|
|
; Variables are declared with the `def` or `let` functions.
|
|
; Variables that haven't been set will be `undefined`.
|
|
(def some_var 5)
|
|
; `def` will keep the variable in the global context.
|
|
; `let` will only have the variable inside its context, and has a weirder syntax.
|
|
(let ((a_var 5)) (+ a_var 5)) ; => 10
|
|
(+ a_var 5) ; = undefined + 5 => undefined
|
|
|
|
; Lists are arrays of values of any type.
|
|
; They basically are just forms without functions at the beginning.
|
|
(1 2 3) ; => [1, 2, 3] (JavaScript syntax)
|
|
|
|
; Dictionaries are Whip's equivalent to JavaScript 'objects' or Python 'dicts'
|
|
; or Ruby 'hashes': an unordered collection of key-value pairs.
|
|
{"key1" "value1" "key2" 2 3 3}
|
|
|
|
; Keys are just values, either identifier, number, or string.
|
|
(def my_dict {my_key "my_value" "my other key" 4})
|
|
; But in Whip, dictionaries get parsed like: value, whitespace, value;
|
|
; with more whitespace between each. So that means
|
|
{"key" "value"
|
|
"another key"
|
|
1234
|
|
}
|
|
; is evaluated to the same as
|
|
{"key" "value" "another key" 1234}
|
|
|
|
; Dictionary definitions can be accessed used the `at` function
|
|
; (like strings and lists.)
|
|
(@ "my other key" my_dict) ; => 4
|
|
|
|
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
|
|
; 3. Logic and Control sequences
|
|
|
|
; The `if` function is pretty simple, though different than most imperative langs.
|
|
(if true "returned if first arg is true" "returned if first arg is false")
|
|
; => "returned if first arg is true"
|
|
|
|
; And for the sake of ternary operator legacy
|
|
; `?` is if's unused shortcut.
|
|
(? false true false) ; => false
|
|
|
|
; `both` is a logical 'and' statement, and `either` is a logical 'or'.
|
|
(both true true) ; => true
|
|
(both true false) ; => false
|
|
(either true false) ; => true
|
|
(either false false) ; => false
|
|
; And their shortcuts are
|
|
; & => both
|
|
; ^ => either
|
|
(& true true) ; => true
|
|
(^ false true) ; => true
|
|
|
|
;;;;;;;;;
|
|
; Lambdas
|
|
|
|
; Lambdas in Whip are declared with the `lambda` or `->` function.
|
|
; And functions are really just lambdas with names.
|
|
(def my_function (-> (x y) (+ (+ x y) 10)))
|
|
; | | | |
|
|
; | | | returned value(with scope containing argument vars)
|
|
; | | arguments
|
|
; | lambda declaration function
|
|
; |
|
|
; name of the to-be-declared lambda
|
|
|
|
(my_function 10 10) ; = (+ (+ 10 10) 10) => 30
|
|
|
|
; Obviously, all lambdas by definition are anonymous and
|
|
; technically always used anonymously. Redundancy.
|
|
((lambda (x) x) 10) ; => 10
|
|
|
|
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
|
|
; Comprehensions
|
|
|
|
; `range` or `..` generates a list of numbers for
|
|
; each number between its two args.
|
|
(range 1 5) ; => (1 2 3 4 5)
|
|
(.. 0 2) ; => (0 1 2)
|
|
|
|
; `map` applies its first arg (which should be a lambda/function)
|
|
; to each item in the following arg (which should be a list)
|
|
(map (-> (x) (+ x 1)) (1 2 3)) ; => (2 3 4)
|
|
|
|
; Reduce
|
|
(reduce + (.. 1 5))
|
|
; equivalent to
|
|
((+ (+ (+ 1 2) 3) 4) 5)
|
|
|
|
; Note: map and reduce don't have shortcuts
|
|
|
|
; `slice` or `\` is just like JavaScript's .slice()
|
|
; But do note, it takes the list as the first argument, not the last.
|
|
(slice (.. 1 5) 2) ; => (3 4 5)
|
|
(\ (.. 0 100) -5) ; => (96 97 98 99 100)
|
|
|
|
; `append` or `<<` is self explanatory
|
|
(append 4 (1 2 3)) ; => (1 2 3 4)
|
|
(<< "bar" ("foo")) ; => ("foo" "bar")
|
|
|
|
; Length is self explanatory.
|
|
(length (1 2 3)) ; => 3
|
|
(_ "foobar") ; => 6
|
|
|
|
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
|
|
; Haskell fluff
|
|
|
|
; First item in list
|
|
(head (1 2 3)) ; => 1
|
|
; List from second to last elements in list
|
|
(tail (1 2 3)) ; => (2 3)
|
|
; Last item in list
|
|
(last (1 2 3)) ; => 3
|
|
; Reverse of `tail`
|
|
(init (1 2 3)) ; => (1 2)
|
|
; List from first to specified elements in list
|
|
(take 1 (1 2 3 4)) ; (1 2)
|
|
; Reverse of `take`
|
|
(drop 1 (1 2 3 4)) ; (3 4)
|
|
; Lowest value in list
|
|
(min (1 2 3 4)) ; 1
|
|
; Highest value in list
|
|
(max (1 2 3 4)) ; 4
|
|
; If value is in list or object
|
|
(elem 1 (1 2 3)) ; true
|
|
(elem "foo" {"foo" "bar"}) ; true
|
|
(elem "bar" {"foo" "bar"}) ; false
|
|
; Reverse list order
|
|
(reverse (1 2 3 4)) ; => (4 3 2 1)
|
|
; If value is even or odd
|
|
(even 1) ; => false
|
|
(odd 1) ; => true
|
|
; Split string into list of strings by whitespace
|
|
(words "foobar nachos cheese") ; => ("foobar" "nachos" "cheese")
|
|
; Join list of strings together.
|
|
(unwords ("foo" "bar")) ; => "foobar"
|
|
; Successor and Predecessor
|
|
(pred 21) ; => 20
|
|
(succ 20) ; => 21
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
For more info, check out the [repo](http://github.com/L8D/whip)
|