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203 lines
5.7 KiB
Markdown
203 lines
5.7 KiB
Markdown
---
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language: pogoscript
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contributors:
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- ["Tim Macfarlane", "http://github.com/refractalize"]
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filename: learnPogo.pogo
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---
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Pogoscript is a little language that emphasises readability, DSLs and provides excellent asynchronous primitives for writing connected JavaScript applications for the browser or server.
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``` javascript
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// defining a variable
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water temperature = 24
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// re-assigning a variable after its definition
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water temperature := 26
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// functions allow their parameters to be placed anywhere
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temperature at (a) altitude = 32 - a / 100
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// longer functions are just indented
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temperature at (a) altitude :=
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if (a < 0)
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water temperature
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else
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32 - a / 100
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// calling a function
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current temperature = temperature at 3200 altitude
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// this function constructs a new object with methods
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position (x, y) = {
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x = x
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y = y
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distance from position (p) =
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dx = self.x - p.x
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dy = self.y - p.y
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Math.sqrt (dx * dx + dy * dy)
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}
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// `self` is similar to `this` in JavaScript with the
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// exception that `self` isn't redefined in each new
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// function definition
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// `self` just does what you expect
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// calling methods
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position (7, 2).distance from position (position (5, 1))
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// as in JavaScript, objects are hashes too
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position.'x' == position.x == position.('x')
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// arrays
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positions = [
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position (1, 1)
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position (1, 2)
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position (1, 3)
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]
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// indexing an array
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positions.0.y
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n = 2
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positions.(n).y
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// strings
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poem = 'Tail turned to red sunset on a juniper crown a lone magpie cawks.
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Mad at Oryoki in the shrine-room -- Thistles blossomed late afternoon.
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Put on my shirt and took it off in the sun walking the path to lunch.
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A dandelion seed floats above the marsh grass with the mosquitos.
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At 4 A.M. the two middleaged men sleeping together holding hands.
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In the half-light of dawn a few birds warble under the Pleiades.
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Sky reddens behind fir trees, larks twitter, sparrows cheep cheep cheep
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cheep cheep.'
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// that's Allen Ginsburg
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// interpolation
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outlook = 'amazing!'
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console.log "the weather tomorrow is going to be #(outlook)"
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// regular expressions
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r/(\d+)m/i
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r/(\d+) degrees/mg
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// operators
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true @and true
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false @or true
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@not false
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2 < 4
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2 >= 2
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2 > 1
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// plus all the javascript ones
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// to define your own
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(p1) plus (p2) =
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position (p1.x + p2.x, p1.y + p2.y)
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// `plus` can be called as an operator
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position (1, 1) @plus position (0, 2)
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// or as a function
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(position (1, 1)) plus (position (0, 2))
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// explicit return
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(x) times (y) = return (x * y)
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// new
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now = @new Date ()
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// functions can take named optional arguments
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spark (position, color: 'black', velocity: {x = 0, y = 0}) = {
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color = color
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position = position
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velocity = velocity
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}
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red = spark (position 1 1, color: 'red')
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fast black = spark (position 1 1, velocity: {x = 10, y = 0})
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// functions can unsplat arguments too
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log (messages, ...) =
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console.log (messages, ...)
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// blocks are functions passed to other functions.
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// This block takes two parameters, `spark` and `c`,
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// the body of the block is the indented code after the
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// function call
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render each @(spark) into canvas context @(c)
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ctx.begin path ()
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ctx.stroke style = spark.color
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ctx.arc (
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spark.position.x + canvas.width / 2
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spark.position.y
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3
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0
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Math.PI * 2
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)
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ctx.stroke ()
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// asynchronous calls
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// JavaScript both in the browser and on the server (with Node.js)
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// makes heavy use of asynchronous IO with callbacks. Async IO is
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// amazing for performance and making concurrency simple but it
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// quickly gets complicated.
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// Pogoscript has a few things to make async IO much much easier
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// Node.js includes the `fs` module for accessing the file system.
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// Let's list the contents of a directory
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fs = require 'fs'
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directory listing = fs.readdir! '.'
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// `fs.readdir()` is an asynchronous function, so we can call it
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// using the `!` operator. The `!` operator allows you to call
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// async functions with the same syntax and largely the same
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// semantics as normal synchronous functions. Pogoscript rewrites
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// it so that all subsequent code is placed in the callback function
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// to `fs.readdir()`.
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// to catch asynchronous errors while calling asynchronous functions
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try
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another directory listing = fs.readdir! 'a-missing-dir'
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catch (ex)
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console.log (ex)
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// in fact, if you don't use `try catch`, it will raise the error up the
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// stack to the outer-most `try catch` or to the event loop, as you'd expect
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// with non-async exceptions
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// all the other control structures work with asynchronous calls too
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// here's `if else`
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config =
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if (fs.stat! 'config.json'.is file ())
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JSON.parse (fs.read file! 'config.json' 'utf-8')
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else
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{
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color: 'red'
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}
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// to run two asynchronous calls concurrently, use the `?` operator.
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// The `?` operator returns a *future* which can be executed to
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// wait for and obtain the result, again using the `!` operator
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// we don't wait for either of these calls to finish
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a = fs.stat? 'a.txt'
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b = fs.stat? 'b.txt'
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// now we wait for the calls to finish and print the results
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console.log "size of a.txt is #(a!.size)"
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console.log "size of b.txt is #(b!.size)"
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// futures in Pogoscript are analogous to Promises
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```
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That's it.
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Download [Node.js](http://nodejs.org/) and `npm install pogo`.
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There is plenty of documentation on [http://pogoscript.org/](http://pogoscript.org/), inlcuding a [cheat sheet](http://pogoscript.org/cheatsheet.html), a [guide](http://pogoscript.org/guide/), and how [Pogoscript translates to Javascript](http://featurist.github.io/pogo-examples/). Get in touch on the [google group](http://groups.google.com/group/pogoscript) if you have questions!
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