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239 lines
6.4 KiB
Markdown
239 lines
6.4 KiB
Markdown
---
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language: whip
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contributors:
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- ["Tenor Biel", "http://github.com/L8D"]
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author: Tenor Biel
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author_url: http://github.com/L8D
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filename: whip.lisp
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---
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Whip is a LISP-dialect made for scripting and simplified concepts.
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It has also borrowed a lot of functions and syntax from Haskell(a non-related language).
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These docs were written by the creator of the language himself. So is this line.
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```scheme
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; Comments are like LISP. Semi-colons...
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; Majority of first-level statements are inside "forms"
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; which are just things inside parens separated by whitespace
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not_in_form
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(in_form)
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;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
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; 1. Numbers, Strings, and Operators
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; Whip has one number type (which is a 64-bit IEEE 754 double, from JavaScript).
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3 ; => 3
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1.5 ; => 1.5
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; Functions are called if they are the first element in a form
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(called_function args)
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; Majority of operations are done with functions
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; All the basic arithmetic is pretty straight forward
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(+ 1 1) ; => 2
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(- 2 1) ; => 1
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(* 1 2) ; => 2
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(/ 2 1) ; => 2
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; even modulo
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(% 9 4) ; => 1
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; JavaScript-style uneven division.
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(/ 5 2) ; => 2.5
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; Nesting forms works as you expect.
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(* 2 (+ 1 3)) ; => 8
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; There's a boolean type.
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true
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false
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; Strings are created with ".
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"Hello, world"
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; Single chars are created with '.
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'a'
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; Negation uses the 'not' function.
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(not true) ; => false
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(not false) ; => true
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; But the majority of non-haskell functions have shortcuts
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; not's shortcut is a '!'.
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(! (! true)) ; => true
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; Equality is `equal` or `=`.
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(= 1 1) ; => true
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(equal 2 1) ; => false
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; For example, inequality would be combining the not and equal functions.
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(! (= 2 1)) ; => true
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; More comparisons
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(< 1 10) ; => true
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(> 1 10) ; => false
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; and their word counterpart.
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(lesser 1 10) ; => true
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(greater 1 10) ; => false
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; Strings can be concatenated with +.
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(+ "Hello " "world!") ; => "Hello world!"
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; You can use JavaScript's comparative abilities.
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(< 'a' 'b') ; => true
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; ...and type coercion
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(= '5' 5)
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; The `at` or @ function will access characters in strings, starting at 0.
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(at 0 'a') ; => 'a'
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(@ 3 "foobar") ; => 'b'
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; There is also the `null` and `undefined` variables.
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null ; used to indicate a deliberate non-value
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undefined ; user to indicate a value that hasn't been set
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;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
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; 2. Vairbles, Lists, and Dicts
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; Variables are declared with the `def` or `let` functions.
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; Variables that haven't been set will be `undefined`.
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(def some_var 5)
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; `def` will keep the variable in the global context.
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; `let` will only have the variable inside its context, and has a wierder syntax.
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(let ((a_var 5)) (+ a_var 5)) ; => 10
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(+ a_var 5) ; = undefined + 5 => undefined
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; Lists are arrays of values of any type.
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; They basically are just forms without functions at the beginning.
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(1 2 3) ; => [1, 2, 3] (JavaScript syntax)
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; Dictionaries are Whip's equivalent to JavaScript 'objects' or Python 'dicts'
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; or Ruby 'hashes': an unordered collection of key-value pairs.
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{"key1" "value1" "key2" 2 3 3}
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; Keys are just values, either identifier, number, or string.
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(def my_dict {my_key "my_value" "my other key" 4})
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; But in Whip, dictionaries get parsed like: value, whitespace, value;
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; with more whitespace between each. So that means
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{"key" "value"
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"another key"
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1234
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}
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; is evaluated to the same as
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{"key" "value" "another key" 1234}
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; Dictionary definitions can be accessed used the `at` function
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; (like strings and lists.)
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(@ "my other key" my_dict) ; => 4
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;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
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; 3. Logic and Control sequences
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; The `if` function is pretty simple, though different than most imperative langs.
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(if true "returned if first arg is true" "returned if first arg is false")
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; => "returned if first arg is true"
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; And for the sake of ternary operator legacy
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; `?` is if's unused shortcut.
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(? false true false) ; => false
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; `both` is a logical 'and' statement, and `either` is a logical 'or'.
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(both true true) ; => true
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(both true false) ; => false
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(either true false) ; => true
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(either false false) ; => false
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; And their shortcuts are
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; & => both
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; ^ => either
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(& true true) ; => true
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(^ false true) ; => true
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;;;;;;;;;
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; Lambdas
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; Lambdas in Whip are declared with the `lambda` or `->` function.
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; And functions are really just lambdas with names.
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(def my_function (-> (x y) (+ (+ x y) 10)))
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; | | | |
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; | | | returned value(with scope containing argument vars)
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; | | arguments
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; | lambda declaration function
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; |
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; name of the to-be-declared lambda
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(my_function 10 10) ; = (+ (+ 10 10) 10) => 30
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; Obiously, all lambdas by definition are anonymous and
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; technically always used anonymously. Redundancy.
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((lambda (x) x) 10) ; => 10
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;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
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; Comprehensions
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; `range` or `..` generates a list of numbers for
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; each number between it's two args.
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(range 1 5) ; => (1 2 3 4 5)
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(.. 0 2) ; => (0 1 2)
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; `map` applies it's first arg(which should be a lambda/function)
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; to each item in the following arg(which should be a list)
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(map (-> (x) (+ x 1)) (1 2 3)) ; => (2 3 4)
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; Reduce
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(reduce + (.. 1 5))
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; equivalent to
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((+ (+ (+ 1 2) 3) 4) 5)
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; Note: map and reduce don't have shortcuts
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; `slice` or `\` is just like JavaScript's .slice()
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; But do note, it takes the list as the first argument, not the last.
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(slice (.. 1 5) 2) ; => (3 4 5)
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(\ (.. 0 100) -5) ; => (96 97 98 99 100)
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; `append` or `<<` is self expanatory
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(append 4 (1 2 3)) ; => (1 2 3 4)
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(<< "bar" ("foo")) ; => ("foo" "bar")
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; Length is self explanatory.
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(length (1 2 3)) ; => 3
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(_ "foobar") ; => 6
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;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
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; Haskell fluff
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; First item in list
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(head (1 2 3)) ; => 1
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; List from second to last elements in list
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(tail (1 2 3)) ; => (2 3)
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; Last item in list
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(last (1 2 3)) ; => 3
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; Reverse of `tail`
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(init (1 2 3)) ; => (1 2)
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; List from first to specified elements in list
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(take 1 (1 2 3 4)) ; (1 2)
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; Reverse of `take`
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(drop 1 (1 2 3 4)) ; (3 4)
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; Lowest value in list
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(min (1 2 3 4)) ; 1
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; Highest value in list
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(max (1 2 3 4)) ; 4
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; If value is in list or object
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(elem 1 (1 2 3)) ; true
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(elem "foo" {"foo" "bar"}) ; true
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(elem "bar" {"foo" "bar"}) ; false
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; Reverse list order
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(reverse (1 2 3 4)) ; => (4 3 2 1)
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; If value is even or odd
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(even 1) ; => false
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(odd 1) ; => true
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; Split string into list of strings by whitespace
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(words "foobar nachos cheese") ; => ("foobar" "nachos" "cheese")
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; Join list of strings together.
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(unwords ("foo" "bar")) ; => "foobar"
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(pred 21) ; => 20
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(succ 20) ; => 21
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```
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For more info, check out the [repo](http://github.com/L8D/whip)
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