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Reshape
Reshape is an easy-to-use, zero-downtime schema migration tool for Postgres. It automatically handles complex migrations that would normally require downtime or manual multi-step changes. During a migration, Reshape ensures both the old and new schema are available at the same time, allowing you to gradually roll out your application.
Note: Reshape is experimental and should not be used in production. It can (and probably will) destroy your data and break your application.
Getting started
Installation
On macOS:
brew install reshape
On Debian:
apt-get install reshape
Creating your first migration
Each migration should be stored as a separate file under migrations/. The files can be in either JSON or TOML format. The name of the file will become the name of your migration and they will be sorted by file name. We recommend prefixing every migration with an incrementing number.
Let's create a simple migration to set up a new table users with two fields, id and name. We'll create a file called migration/1_create_users_table.toml:
[[actions]]
type = "create_table"
table = "users"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "id"
type = "SERIAL"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "name"
type = "TEXT"
This is the equivalent of running CREATE TABLE users (id SERIAL, name TEXT).
Preparing your application
Reshape relies on your application using a specific schema. When establishing the connection to Postgres in your application, you need to run a query to select the most recent schema. This query can be generated using: reshape generate-schema-query.
To pass it along to your application, you could use an environment variable in your build script: RESHAPE_SCHEMA_QUERY=$(reshape generate-schema-query). Then in your application:
# Example for Python
reshape_schema_query = os.getenv("RESHAPE_SCHEMA_QUERY")
db.execute(reshape_schema_query)
Running your migration
To create your new users table, run:
reshape migrate
As this is the first migration, Reshape will automatically complete it. For subsequent migrations, you will need to first run reshape migrate, roll out your application and then complete the migration using reshape complete.
Writing migrations
Basics
Every migration consists of one or more actions. The actions will be run sequentially. Here's an example of a migration with two actions to create two tables, customers and products:
[[actions]]
type = "create_table"
table = "customers"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "id"
type = "SERIAL"
[[actions]]
type = "create_table"
table = "products"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "sku"
type = "TEXT"
Every action has a type. The supported types are detailed below.
Tables
Create table
The create_table action will create a new table with the specified columns, indices and constraints.
Example: create a customers table with a few columns and a primary key
[[actions]]
type = "create_table"
table = "customers"
primary_key = "id"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "id"
type = "SERIAL"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "name"
type = "SERIAL"
# Columns default to nullable
nullable = false
# default can be any valid SQL value, in this case a string literal
default = "'PLACEHOLDER'"
Example: create users and items tables with a foreign key between them
[[actions]]
type = "create_table"
table = "users"
primary_key = "id"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "id"
type = "SERIAL"
[[actions]]
type = "create_table"
table = "items"
primary_key = "id"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "id"
type = "SERIAL"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "user_id"
type = "INTEGER"
[[actions.foreign_keys]]
columns = ["user_id"]
referenced_table = "users"
referenced_columns = ["id"]
Example: create users and items tables with a foreign key between them
[[actions]]
type = "create_table"
table = "users"
primary_key = "id"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "id"
type = "SERIAL"
[[actions]]
type = "create_table"
table = "items"
primary_key = "id"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "id"
type = "SERIAL"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "user_id"
type = "INTEGER"
[[actions.foreign_keys]]
columns = ["user_id"]
referenced_table = "users"
referenced_columns = ["id"]
Rename table
The rename_table action will change the name of an existing table.
Example: change name of users table to customers
[[actions]]
type = "rename_table"
table = "users"
new_name = "customers"
Remove table
The remove_table action will remove an existing table.
Example: remove users table
[[actions]]
type = "remove_table"
table = "users"
Columns
Add column
The add_column action will add a new column to an existing table. You can optionally provide an up setting. This should be an SQL expression which will be run for all existing rows to backfill the new column.
Example: add a new column reference to table products
[[actions]]
type = "add_column"
table = "products"
[actions.column]
name = "reference"
type = "INTEGER"
nullable = false
default = "10"
Example: replace an existing name column with two new columns, first_name and last_name
[[actions]]
type = "add_column"
table = "users"
# Extract the first name from the existing name column
up = "(STRING_TO_ARRAY(name, ' '))[1]"
[actions.column]
name = "first_name"
type = "TEXT"
[[actions]]
type = "add_column"
table = "users"
# Extract the last name from the existing name column
up = "(STRING_TO_ARRAY(name, ' '))[2]"
[actions.column]
name = "last_name"
type = "TEXT"
[[actions]]
type = "remove_column"
table = "users"
column = "name"
# Reconstruct name column by concatenating first and last name
down = "first_name || ' ' || last_name"
Alter column
The alter_column action enables many different changes to an existing column, for example renaming, changing type and changing existing values.
When performing more complex changes than a rename, up and down must be provided. These should be set to SQL expressions which determine how to transform between the new and old version of the column. Inside those expressions, you can reference the current column value by the column name.
Example: rename last_name column on users table to family_name
[[actions]]
type = "alter_column"
table = "users"
column = "last_name"
[actions.changes]
name = "family_name"
Example: change the type of reference column from INTEGER to TEXT
[[actions]]
type = "alter_column"
table = "users"
column = "reference"
up = "CAST(reference AS TEXT)" # Converts from integer value to text
down = "CAST(reference AS INTEGER)" # Converts from text value to integer
[actions.changes]
type = "TEXT" # Previous type was 'INTEGER'
Example: increment all values of a index column by one
[[actions]]
type = "alter_column"
table = "users"
up = "index + 1" # Increment for new schema
down = "index - 1" # Decrement to revert for old schema
[actions.changes]
name = "index"
Remove column
The remove_column action will remove an existing column from a table. You can optionally provide a down setting. This should be an SQL expression which will be used to determine values for the old schema when inserting or updating rows using the new schema. The down setting must be provided when the removed column is NOT NULL or doesn't have a default value.
Example: remove column name from table users
[[actions]]
type = "remove_column"
table = "users"
column = "name"
# Use a default value of "N/A" for the old schema when inserting/updating rows
down = "'N/A'"
Indices
Add index
The add_index action will add a new index to an existing table.
Example: create a users table with an index on the name column
[[actions]]
type = "create_table"
table = "users"
primary_key = "id"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "id"
type = "SERIAL"
[[actions.columns]]
name = "name"
type = "TEXT"
[[actions]]
type = "add_index"
table = "users"
name = "name_idx"
columns = ["name"]
Commands and options
reshape migrate
Starts a new migration, applying all migrations under migrations/ that haven't yet been applied. After the command has completed, both the old and new schema will be usable at the same time. When you have rolled out the new version of your application which uses the new schema, you should run reshape complete.
Options
See also Connection options
| Option | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
--complete, -c |
false |
Automatically complete migration after applying it. Useful during development. |
--dirs |
migrations/ |
Directories to search for migration files. Multiple directories can be specified using --dirs dir1 dir2 dir3. |
reshape complete
Completes migrations previously started with reshape complete.
Options
reshape abort
Aborts any migrations which haven't yet been completed.
Options
reshape generate-schema-query
Generates the SQL query you need to run in your application before using the database. This command does not require a database connection. Instead it will generate the query based on the latest migration in the migrations/ directory (or the directories specified by --dirs).
The query should look something like SET search_path TO migration_1_initial_migration.
Options
| Option | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
--dirs |
migrations/ |
Directories to search for migration files. Multiple directories can be specified using --dirs dir1 dir2 dir3. |
Connection options
The options below can be used with all commands that communicate with Postgres. Use either a connection URL or specify each connection option individually.
| Option | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
--url |
URI to connect to your Postgres database. Can also be provided with the environment variable DATABASE_URL. |
|
--host |
localhost |
Hostname to use when connecting to Postgres |
--port |
5432 |
Port which Postgres is listening on |
--database |
postgres |
Database name |
--username |
postgres |
Postgres username |
--password |
postgres |
Postgres password |
How it works
Reshape works by creating views that encapsulate the underlying tables, which your application will interact with. During a migration, Reshape will automatically create a new set of views and set up triggers to translate inserts and updates between the old and new schema. This means that every migration is a two phase process:
- Start migration (
reshape migrate): Create new views to ensure both the new and old schema are usable at the same time.- After phase one is complete, you can start the roll out of your application. Once the roll out is complete, the second phase can be run.
- Complete migration (
reshape complete): Removes the old schema and any intermediate data.