urbit/CONTRIBUTING.md

# Contributing to urbit

Thank you for your interest in contributing to urbit.

## Fake `~zod`s

You may have an identity on the live network, but doing all your
development on the live network would be cumbersome and unnecessary.
Standard practice in urbit development is to work on a fake `~zod`. A
fake `~zod` will get its initial files from a directory you specify
rather than trying to sync them over the network, which is invaluable
for working in Hoon. Also, a fake `~zod` or any fake urbit instances you
start do not talk to the live network, but to a fake network that exists
only on your computer.

First, you'll want to check out the Arvo repository. Arvo is kept in its
own repository, and changes more rapidly than the main C project does.

    git clone https://github.com/urbit/arvo

The arvo repository can live safely inside the main urbit repository if
you want, since it's listed in .gitignore. However, vere will use the
path you specify on the command line with the `-A` option.

To start a fake `~zod`, the command is:

    $ urbit -c -F zod -A [arvo checkout] [pier directory]

To resume one that was already created, just as on the live network,
remove `-c` and `-A [arvo checkout]` (but leave the rest of the options
there). `-F` uses the fake network.

## Kernel development

Working on either C or non-kernel Hoon should not bring any surprises,
but the Hoon kernel (anything under `arvo/arvo/`) is bootstrapped
from `urbit.pill`, and must be recompiled if any changes are made. This
should happen automatically when you make changes, but if it doesn't,
the command to manually recompile the kernel and install the new kernel
is `|reset` in `dojo`.  This rebuilds from the `arvo` directory in the
`home` desk in `%clay`.  Currently, `|reset` does not reload apps like
`dojo` itself, which will still reference the old kernel. To force them
to reload, make a trivial edit to their main source file (under the
`app` directory) in `%clay`.

If you do any kernel development, be sure to read the section below about
pills.

## Git practice

Since we use the GitHub issue tracker, it is helpful (though not
required) to contribute via a GitHub pull request. If you already know
what you are doing, skip down to the Style section.

Start by cloning the repository on your work machine:

    git clone https://github.com/urbit/urbit

And, additionally, fork the repository on GitHub by clicking the "Fork"
button. Add your fork as a remote:

    git remote add [username] https://github.com/[username]/urbit

and set it as the default remote to push to:

    git config --local remote.pushDefault [username]

This is good practice for any project that uses git. You will pull
upstream branches from urbit/urbit and push to your personal urbit fork
by default.

Next, start a new branch to do your work on. For `urbit`, please use the
latest tagged release as your starting point. For other repositories,
anywhere pointed to by `master` is alright to start from.

    git checkout -b [branch name] [starting point]

Now you are free to do your work on this branch. When finished, you may
want to clean up your commits:

    git rebase -i [starting point]

Then you can push to your public fork with `git push` and make a pull
request via the GitHub UI.

After your changes are merged upstream, you can delete your branch (via
github UI or `git push :[branch]` remotely, and with `git branch -d`
locally).

## Style

The urbit project uses two-space indentation and avoids tab characters.
In C code, it should not be too difficult to mimic the style of the code
around you, which is just fairly standard K&R with braces on every
compound statement. One thing to watch out for is top-level sections in
source files that are denoted by comments and are actually indented one
level.

Hoon will be a less familiar language to many contributors. Some of our
less obvious stylistic rules are:

-   Keep your source files 80 characters or less wide. Many urbit
    developers use 80 character terminals/tmux panes/&c.
-   Tab characters are actually a syntax error, so be extra sure your
    editor is not inserting any. Trailing whitespace is *usually* not a
    syntax error, but avoiding it is encouraged.
-   The kernel convention is that line comments start at column 57 with
    the `::` followed by 2 spaces. This leaves 20 characters for the
    comment.  Outside the kernel, things are less strict.
-   Tall arms within a core are conventionally separated by empty comments
    (just `::`) at the same indentation level as the initial `++` or `+-`.
    The last arm in a core is not followed by an empty comment, because it
    is visually closed by the `--` that closes the core. The empty comment
    is also sometimes omitted in data structure definitions.

## The kernel and pills

urbit bootstraps itself using a binary blob called `urbit.pill`. You
probably remember it being fetched from `bootstrap.urbit.org` before
your first boot. This is just the compiled version of the kernel, which
you can find in the `arvo/arvo/` directory - `hoon.hoon`, `zuse.hoon`,
and so on.

The procedure for creating `urbit.pill` is often called "soliding". It
is somewhat similar to `|reset`, but instead of replacing your running
kernel, it writes the compiled kernel to a file. The command to solid
is, on a fakezod:

    .urbit/pill +solid

When the compilation finishes, your `urbit.pill` will be found in the
`[pier]/.urb/put/` directory.

Ordinarily, `http://bootstrap.urbit.org/latest.pill` will be updated
to match whatever's on `master` in the `arvo` repository with every
merge to `master`. Older pills will be stored with the `git` SHA1 of the
relevant commit as `[sha1].pill`.

If you're doing heavy kernel hacking and want to submit intermediate
pills for your branch, please include them with your pull request, and
they'll be uploaded to `bootstrap.urbit.org` when your branch is merged.

## Debug urbit with `gdb`

Follow the build instructions in README.md but run `make` with argument `DEBUG=yes`:

(If you've already built urbit first run `make clean`.)

    make DEBUG=yes

Run `gdb`, while loading `bin/urbit` and its symbol table:

    gdb bin/urbit

Set a breakpoint on `main()` (optional):

    break main

Run your urbit comet `mycomet`:

    run mycomet

Continue from the breakpoint on `main()`:

    continue

## What to work on

If you are not thinking of contributing with a specific goal in mind,
the GitHub issue tracker is the first place you should look for ideas.
Issues are tagged with a priority and a difficulty. A good place to
start is on either a low-difficulty issue or a low-priority issue.
Higher priority issues are likely to be assigned to someone - if this is
the case, then contacting that person to coordinate before starting to
work is probably a good idea.

There is also a "help wanted" tag for things that we are especially
eager to have outside contributions on. Check here first!

## Staying in touch

The urbit developers communicate on urbit itself. Joining the
`urbit-meta` channel on `talk` is highly recommended, as is reading the
forums at [http://urbit.org/fora](http://urbit.org/fora). Subscribing to
`urbit-dev` on Google Groups is also recommended, since this is where
continuity breach notifications are sent.

Pull requests in non-GitHub forms can go to Raymond Pasco
([ray@the.ug](mailto:ray@the.ug)). Questions or other communications
about contributing to Urbit can go to Raymond Pasco or Philip Monk
([philip.monk@tlon.io](mailto:philip.monk@tlon.io)).