hledger/MANUAL.markdown

title
hledger manual

hledger manual

This is the official hledger manual. You may also want to visit the http://hledger.org home page, the hledger for techies page, and for background, c++ ledger's manual.

User Guide

Introduction

hledger is a program for tracking money, time, or any other commodity, using a plain text file format and the simple but powerful principles of double-entry accounting.

It is modelled closely on John Wiegley's ledger (aka "c++ ledger"), with some features removed and some new ones added. I wrote hledger because I wanted to build financial tools in the Haskell programming language rather than in C++.

hledger's basic function is to generate register and balance reports from a plain text ledger file, at the command line or via the web or curses interface. You can use it to, eg,

• track spending and income
• see time reports by day/week/month/project
• get accurate numbers for client billing and tax filing
• track invoices

hledger aims to help both computer experts and every-day users gain clarity in their finances and time management. For now though, it is most useful to technically-minded folks who are comfortable with command-line tools.

hledger is copyright (c) 2007-2009 Simon Michael <simon@joyful.com> and contributors and released as Free Software under GPL version 3 or later.

Installing

hledger works on all major platforms; here are the release notes. One of these pre-built binaries might work for you, but at present these are not very up-to-date, so the usual thing is to build with the cabal-install tool:

1. If you don't already have the Glasgow Haskell Compiler and cabal-install, download and install the Haskell Platform. Or, you may be able to use platform packages; eg on Ubuntu Lucid, do apt-get install ghc6 cabal-install happy.

2. Make sure ~/.cabal/bin is in your path. This is useful so that you can run hledger by just typing "hledger", and necessary if (eg) you install with -fweb, to avoid an installation failure..

3. Install hledger with cabal-install:

    cabal update
    cabal install hledger
   

   You can add the following options to the install command to include extra features (these are not enabled by default as they are harder to build):

   • -fvty - builds the ui command. (Not available on microsoft windows.)

   • -fweb - builds the web command.

   • -fchart builds the chart command. This requires gtk2hs, which you'll need to install yourself as it's not yet provided by the haskell platform or cabal.

Installation Problems

The above builds a lot of software, and it's not always smooth sailing. Here are some known issues and things to try:

• Ask for help on #hledger or #haskell

• cabal update. If you didn't already, cabal update and try again.

• Do you have a new enough version of GHC ? As of 2010, 6.10 and 6.12 are supported, 6.8 might or might not work.

• Do you have a new enough version of cabal-install ? Newer versions tend to be better at resolving problems. 0.6.2 has been known to fail where newer versions succeed.

• Installation fails, reporting problems with a hledger package. That hledger release might have a coding error (heavens), or compatibility problems have been revealed as dependencies have been updated. You could try installing the previous hledger version (cabal install hledger-0.x) or, preferably, the latest hledger development code, which is likely to work best. In a nutshell, install darcs and:

    darcs get --lazy http://joyful.com/repos/hledger
    cd hledger/hledger-lib; cabal install
    cd ..; cabal install [-fweb] [-fvty]
  

• Installation fails, reporting problems with packages A, B and C. Resolve the problem packages one at a time. Eg, cabal install A. Look for the cause of the failure near the end of the output. If it's not apparent, try again with -v2 or -v3 for more verbose output.

• Could not run trhsx. You are installing -fweb, which needs to run the trhsx executable. It is usually installed in ~/.cabal/bin, which may not be in your path.

• Could not run happy. A package (eg haskell-src-exts) needs to run the happy executable. If not using the haskell platform, install the appropriate platform package which provides it (eg apt-get install happy).

• A ghc panic while building might be due to http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/3862

• cabal could not reconcile dependencies In some cases, especially if you have installed/updated many packages or GHC itself, cabal may not be able to figure out the installation. This can also arise due to non-optimal dependency information configured in hledger or its dependencies. You can sometimes work around this by using cabal's --constraint option.

• Undefined symbols: ... _iconv ... If cabal gives this error:

    Linking dist/build/hledger/hledger ...
    Undefined symbols:
      "_iconv_close", referenced from:
          _hs_iconv_close in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o)
      "_iconv", referenced from:
          _hs_iconv in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o)
      "_iconv_open", referenced from:
          _hs_iconv_open in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o)
  

  you are probably on a mac with macports libraries installed: http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/4068. To work around, add this --extra-lib-dirs flag:

    $ cabal install hledger --extra-lib-dirs=/usr/lib
  

• setup: failed to parse output of 'ghc-pkg dump' This probably means you need a newer version of cabal-install. Do eg:

    $ cabal update
    $ cabal install cabal-install
  

  then try installing hledger again.

Basic usage

Basic usage is:

hledger [OPTIONS] [COMMAND [PATTERNS]]

OPTIONS may appear anywhere on the command line. COMMAND is one of: add, balance, chart, convert, histogram, print, register, stats, ui, web, test (defaulting to balance). The optional PATTERNS are regular expressions which select a subset of the ledger data.

hledger looks for data in a ledger file, usually .ledger in your home directory. You can specify a different file with the -f option (use - for standard input) or LEDGER environment variable.

To get started, make yourself a ledger file containing some transactions. You can copy the sample file below (or sample.ledger) and save it as .ledger in your home directory. Or, just run hledger add and enter a few transactions. Now you can try some of these commands, or read on:

hledger --help                        # show command-line help
hledger balance                       # all accounts with aggregated balances
hledger bal --depth 1                 # only top-level accounts
hledger register                      # transaction register
hledger reg income                    # transactions to/from an income account
hledger reg checking                  # checking transactions
hledger reg desc:shop                 # transactions with shop in the description
hledger histogram                     # transactions per day, or other interval
hledger add                           # add some new transactions to the ledger file
hledger ui                            # curses ui, if installed with -fvty
hledger web                           # web ui, if installed with -fweb
hledger chart                         # make a balance chart, if installed with -fchart

You'll find more examples below.

File format

hledger's data file, aka the ledger, is a plain text representation of a standard accounting journal. It contains a number of transactions, each describing a transfer of money (or another commodity) between two or more named accounts. Here's an example:

; A sample ledger file. This is a comment.

2008/01/01 income               ; <- transaction's first line starts in column 0, contains date and description
    assets:bank:checking  $1    ; <- posting lines start with whitespace, each contains an account name
    income:salary        $-1    ;    followed by at least two spaces and an amount

2008/06/01 gift
    assets:bank:checking  $1    ; <- at least two postings in a transaction
    income:gifts         $-1    ; <- their amounts must balance to 0

2008/06/02 save
    assets:bank:saving    $1
    assets:bank:checking        ; <- one amount may be omitted; here $-1 is inferred

2008/06/03 eat & shop           ; <- description can be anything
    expenses:food         $1
    expenses:supplies     $1    ; <- this transaction debits two expense accounts
    assets:cash                 ; <- $-2 inferred

2008/12/31 * pay off            ; <- an optional * after the date means "cleared" (or anything you want)
    liabilities:debts     $1
    assets:bank:checking

Each transaction has a date, description, and two or more postings (of some amount to some account) which must balance to 0. As a convenience, one posting's amount may be left blank and will be inferred.

Note that account names may contain single spaces, while the amount must be separated from the account name by at least two spaces.

An amount is a number, with an optional currency/commodity symbol or word on either the left or right. Note: when writing a negative amount with a left-side currency symbol, the minus goes after the symbol, eg $-1.

This file format is also compatible with c++ ledger, so you can use both tools. For more details, see File format compatibility.

Reference

Overview

This version of hledger mimics a subset of ledger 3.x, and adds some features of its own. We currently support regular ledger entries, timelog entries, multiple commodities, (fixed) price history, virtual postings, filtering by account and description, the familiar print, register & balance commands and several new commands. We handle (almost) the full period expression syntax, and very limited display expressions consisting of a simple date predicate.

Here is the command-line help:

Usage: hledger [OPTIONS] [COMMAND [PATTERNS]]
       hledger [OPTIONS] convert CSVFILE
       hledger [OPTIONS] stats

hledger uses your ~/.ledger or $LEDGER file, or another specified with -f

COMMAND is one of (may be abbreviated):
 add       - prompt for new transactions and add them to the ledger
 balance   - show accounts, with balances
 convert   - read CSV bank data and display in ledger format
 histogram - show a barchart of transactions per day or other interval
 print     - show transactions in ledger format
 register  - show transactions as a register with running balance
 stats     - show various statistics for a ledger
 ui        - run a simple text-based UI
 web       - run a simple web-based UI
 chart     - generate balances pie chart
 test      - run self-tests

PATTERNS are regular expressions which filter by account name.
Prefix with desc: to filter by transaction description instead.
Prefix with not: to negate a pattern. When using both, not: comes last.

DATES can be y/m/d or ledger-style smart dates like "last month".

Options:
 -f FILE  --file=FILE          use a different ledger/timelog file; - means stdin
          --no-new-accounts    don't allow to create new accounts
 -b DATE  --begin=DATE         report on transactions on or after this date
 -e DATE  --end=DATE           report on transactions before this date
 -p EXPR  --period=EXPR        report on transactions during the specified period
                               and/or with the specified reporting interval
 -C       --cleared            report only on cleared transactions
 -U       --uncleared          report only on uncleared transactions
 -B       --cost, --basis      report cost of commodities
          --depth=N            hide accounts/transactions deeper than this
 -d EXPR  --display=EXPR       show only transactions matching EXPR (where
                               EXPR is 'dOP[DATE]' and OP is <, <=, =, >=, >)
          --effective          use transactions' effective dates, if any
 -E       --empty              show empty/zero things which are normally elided
 -R       --real               report only on real (non-virtual) transactions
          --no-total           balance report: hide the final total
 -W       --weekly             register report: show weekly summary
 -M       --monthly            register report: show monthly summary
 -Q       --quarterly          register report: show quarterly summary
 -Y       --yearly             register report: show yearly summary
          --base-url           web: use this base url (default http://localhost:PORT)
          --port               web: serve on tcp port N (default 5000)
 -h       --help               show this help
 -V       --version            show version information
 -v       --verbose            show verbose test output
          --binary-filename    show the download filename for this hledger build
          --debug              show extra debug output; implies verbose
          --debug-no-ui        run ui commands with no output
 -o FILE  --output=FILE        chart: output filename (default: hledger.png)
          --items=N            chart: number of accounts to show (default: 10)
          --size=WIDTHxHEIGHT  chart: image size (default: 600x400)

Commands

Reporting commands

These commands are read-only, that is they never modify your data.

print

The print command displays full transactions from the ledger file, tidily formatted and showing all amounts explicitly. The output of print is always valid ledger data.

hledger's print command also shows all unit prices in effect, or (with -B/--cost) shows cost amounts.

Examples:

$ hledger print
$ hledger print employees:bob | hledger -f- register expenses

register

The register command displays postings, one per line, and their running total. With a reporting interval it will aggregate similar postings within each interval.

Examples:

$ hledger register
$ hledger register --monthly -E rent

balance

The balance command displays accounts and their balances.

Examples:

$ hledger balance
$ hledger balance food -p 'last month'
$ for y in 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010; do echo; echo $y; hledger -f $y.ledger balance ^expenses --depth 2; done

chart

(optional feature)

The chart command saves a pie chart of your top account balances to an image file (usually "hledger.png", or use -o/--output FILE). You can adjust the image resolution with --size=WIDTHxHEIGHT, and the number of accounts with --items=N.

Note that positive and negative balances will not be displayed together in the same chart; any balances not matching the sign of the first one will be omitted.

To show only accounts above a certain depth, use the --depth option. Otherwise, the chart can include accounts at any depth. If a parent and child account are both displayed, the parent's balance excludes the child's.

Examples:

$ hledger chart assets --depth 2
$ hledger chart liabilities --depth 2
$ hledger chart ^expenses -o balance.png --size 1000x600 --items 20
$ for m in 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12; do hledger -p 2009/$m chart ^expenses --depth 2 -o expenses-2009$m.png --size 400x300; done

histogram

The histogram command displays a quick bar chart showing transaction counts, per day, week, month or other reporting interval. It is experimental.

Examples:

$ hledger histogram -p weekly dining

stats

The stats command displays quick summary information for the ledger.

Examples:

$ hledger stats

ui

(optional feature)

The ui command starts hledger's curses (full-screen, text) user interface, which allows interactive navigation of the print/register/balance reports. This lets you browse around your numbers and get quick insights with less typing.

Examples:

hledger ui hledger ui -BE food

Modifying commands

The following commands can alter your ledger file.

add

The add command prompts interactively for new transactions, and adds them to the ledger. It is experimental.

Examples:

hledger add hledger add accounts:personal:bob

web

(optional feature)

The web command starts hledger's web interface, and tries to open a web browser to view it (if this fails, you'll have to visit the indicated url yourself.) The web ui combines the features of the print, register, balance and add commands.

Note there are two alternate implementations of the web command - the old one, built with -fweb:

$ hledger web

and the new one, built with -fwebyesod, which you run in the same way:

$ hledger web

We will assume the latter in the rest of these docs. Some more examples:

$ hledger web -E -B  p 'this year'
$ hledger web --base-url http://this.vhost.com --port 5010 --debug -f my.journal

The new web ui adds an edit command. Warning: this is the first hledger feature which can alter your existing journal data. You can edit, or ERASE, the (top-level) journal file through the web ui. There is no access control. A numbered backup of the file will be saved at each edit, in normal circumstances (eg if file permissions allow, disk is not full, etc.)

Other commands

convert

The convert command reads a CSV file you have downloaded from your bank, and prints out the transactions in ledger format, suitable for adding to your ledger. It does not alter your ledger directly.

This can be a lot quicker than entering every transaction by hand. (The downside is that you are less likely to notice if your bank makes an error!) Use it like this:

$ hledger convert FILE.csv >FILE.ledger

where FILE.csv is your downloaded csv file. This will convert the csv data using conversion rules defined in FILE.rules (auto-creating this file if needed), and save the output into a temporary ledger file. Then you should review FILE.ledger for problems; update the rules and convert again if needed; and finally copy/paste transactions which are new into your main ledger.

.rules file

convert requires a *.rules file containing data definitions and rules for assigning destination accounts to transactions; it will be auto-created if missing. Typically you will have one csv file and one rules file per bank account. Here's an example rules file for converting csv data from a Wells Fargo checking account:

base-account assets:bank:checking
date-field 0
description-field 4
amount-field 1
currency $

# account-assigning rules

SPECTRUM
expenses:health:gym

ITUNES
BLKBSTR=BLOCKBUSTER
expenses:entertainment

(TO|FROM) SAVINGS
assets:bank:savings

This says:

• the ledger account corresponding to this csv file is assets🏦checking
• the first csv field is the date, the second is the amount, the fifth is the description
• prepend a dollar sign to the amount field
• if description contains SPECTRUM (case-insensitive), the transaction is a gym expense
• if description contains ITUNES or BLKBSTR, the transaction is an entertainment expense; also rewrite BLKBSTR as BLOCKBUSTER
• if description contains TO SAVINGS or FROM SAVINGS, the transaction is a savings transfer

Notes:

• Lines beginning with # or ; are ignored (but avoid using inside an account rule)

• Definitions must come first, one per line, all in one paragraph. Each is a name and a value separated by whitespace. Supported names are: base-account, date-field, status-field, code-field, description-field, amount-field, currency-field, currency. All are optional and will use defaults if not specified.

• The remainder of the file is account-assigning rules. Each is a paragraph consisting of one or more description-matching patterns (case-insensitive regular expressions), one per line, followed by the account name to use when the transaction's description matches any of these patterns.

• A match pattern may be followed by a replacement pattern, separated by =, which rewrites the matched part of the description. Use this if you want to clean up messy bank data. To rewrite the entire description, use a match pattern like .*PAT.*=REPL. Within a replacement pattern, you can refer to the matched text with \0 and any regex groups with \1, \2 in the usual way.

test

This command runs hledger's internal self-tests and displays a quick report. The -v option shows more detail, and a pattern can be provided to filter tests by name. It's mainly used in development, but it's also nice to be able to run a sanity check at any time..

Examples:

$ hledger test
$ hledger test -v balance

Other features

Filter patterns

Most commands accept one or more filter pattern arguments after the command name, to select a subset of transactions or postings. There are two kinds of pattern:

• an account pattern, which is a regular expression. This is matched against postings' accounts. Optionally, it may be prefixed with not: in which case the match is negated.

• a description pattern, like the above but prefixed with desc:. This is matched against transactions' descriptions. Note, when negating a desc: pattern, not: goes last, eg: desc:not:someregexp.

When you specify multiple filter patterns, hledger generally selects the transactions or postings which match (or negatively match)

any of the account patterns AND any of the description patterns

The print command selects transactions which

match any of the description patterns AND have any postings matching any of the positive account patterns AND have no postings matching any of the negative account patterns

Dates

Simple dates

Within a ledger file, dates must follow a fairly simple year/month/day format. Examples:

2010/01/31 or 2010/1/31 or 2010-1-31 or 2010.1.31

The add command and the web add form, as well as some other places, accept smart dates - more about those below.

Default year

You can set a default year with a Y directive in the ledger, then subsequent dates may be written as month/day. Eg:

Y2009

12/15 ...

Y2010

1/31 ...

Actual and effective dates

Frequently, a real-life transaction has two (or more) dates of interest. For example, you might make a purchase on friday with a debit card, and it might clear (take effect in your bank account) on tuesday. It's sometimes useful to model this accurately, so that your hledger balances match reality. So, you can specify two dates for a transaction, the actual and effective date, separated by =. Eg:

2010/2/19=2010/2/23 ...

Then you can use the --effective flag to prefer the effective (second) date, if any, in reports. This is useful for, eg, seeing a more accurate daily balance while reconciling a bank account.

So, what do actual and effective mean, exactly ? I always assumed that the actual date comes first, and is "the date you enacted the transaction", while the effective date comes second, and is optional, and is "the date the transaction took effect" (showed up in your bank balance).

Unfortunately, this is the reverse of c++ ledger's interpretation (cf differences). However it's not too serious; just remember that hledger requires the first date; allows an optional second date which the --effective flag will select; and the meaning of "actual" and "effective" is up to you.

The second date may omit the year if it is the same as the first's.

Smart dates

In period expressions, the -b and -e options, the add command and the web add form, more flexible "smart dates" are allowed. Here are some examples:

• 2009/1/1, 2009/01/01, 2009-1-1, 2009.1.1, 2009/1, 2009 (january 1, 2009)
• 1/1, january, jan, this year (january 1, this year)
• next year (january 1, next year)
• this month (the 1st of the current month)
• this week (the most recent monday)
• last week (the monday of the week before this one)
• today, yesterday, tomorrow

Spaces are optional, so eg: -p lastmonth is valid.

Period expressions

hledger supports flexible "period expressions" with the -p/--period option to select transactions within a period of time (like 2009) and/or with a reporting interval (like weekly). hledger period expressions are similar but not identical to c++ ledger's.

Here is a basic period expression specifying the first quarter of 2009 (start date is always included, end date is always excluded):

-p "from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"

Keywords like "from" and "to" are optional, and so are the spaces. Just don't run two dates together:

-p2009/1/1to2009/4/1
-p"2009/1/1 2009/4/1"

Dates are smart dates, so if the current year is 2009, the above can also be written as:

-p "1/1 to 4/1"
-p "january to apr"
-p "this year to 4/1"

If you specify only one date, the missing start or end date will be the earliest or latest transaction in your ledger data:

-p "from 2009/1/1"  (everything after january 1, 2009)
-p "from 2009/1"    (the same)
-p "from 2009"      (the same)
-p "to 2009"        (everything before january 1, 2009)

A single date with no "from" or "to" defines both the start and end date like so:

-p "2009"           (the year 2009;    equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2010/1/1")
-p "2009/1"         (the month of jan; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/2/1")
-p "2009/1/1"       (just that day;    equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/1/2")

Reporting interval

You can also specify a reporting interval, which causes the "register" command to summarise the transactions in each interval. It goes before the dates, and can be: "daily", "weekly", "monthly", "quarterly", or "yearly". An "in" keyword is optional, and so are the dates:

-p "weekly from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"
-p "monthly in 2008"
-p "monthly from 2008"
-p "quarterly"

A reporting interval may also be specified with the -W/--weekly, -M/--monthly, -Q/--quarterly, and -Y/--yearly options. However..

-p overrides other flags

Note: any period option on the command line will override the -b, -e, -W, -Q and -Y flags.

Display expressions

A display expression with the -d/--display option selects which transactions will be displayed (unlike a period expression, which selects the transactions to be used for calculation).

hledger currently supports a very small subset of c++ ledger's display expressions, namely: transactions before or after a date. This is useful for displaying your recent check register with an accurate running total. Note the use of >= here to include the first of the month:

$ hledger register -d "d>=[this month]"

Depth limiting

With the --depth N option, reports will show only the uppermost accounts in the account tree, down to level N. This is most useful with balance (and chart). For example:

$ hledger balance --depth 2

shows a more concise balance report displaying only the top two levels of accounts. This example with register:

$ hledger register --depth 1

would show only the postings to top-level accounts, which usually means none.

Prices

You can specify a commodity's unit price, or exchange rate, in terms of another commodity. There are two ways.

First, you can set the price explicitly for a single posting by writing @ PRICE after the amount. PRICE is another amount in a different commodity. Eg, here one hundred euros was purchased at $1.35 per euro:

2009/1/2 x
 expenses:foreign currency       €100 @ $1.35
 assets

Secondly, you can set the price for a commodity as of a certain date, by entering a historical price record. These are lines beginning with "P", appearing anywhere in the ledger between transactions. Eg, here we say the exchange rate for 1 euro is $1.35 on 2009/1/1 (and thereafter, until a newer price record is found):

P 2009/1/1 € $1.35  ; <- historical price: P, date, commodity symbol, price in 2nd commodity (space-separated)

2009/1/2 x
 expenses:foreign currency       €100
 assets

The print command shows any unit prices in effect. Either example above will show:

$ hledger print
2009/01/02 x
    expenses:foreign currency  €100 @ $1.35
    assets                     €-100 @ $1.35

To see amounts converted to their total cost, use the --cost/-B flag with any command:

$ hledger print --cost
2009/01/02 x
    expenses:foreign currency       $135.00
    assets                         $-135.00

The --cost/-B flag does only one lookup step, ie it will not look up the price of a price's commodity.

Note hledger handles prices differently from c++ ledger in one important respect: we assume unit prices do not vary over time. This is good for simple reporting of foreign currency transactions, but not for tracking fluctuating-value investments or capital gains.

Timelog reporting

hledger will also read timelog files in timeclock.el format. As a convenience, if you invoke hledger via an "hours" symlink or copy, it uses your timelog file (~/.timelog or $TIMELOG) by default, rather than your ledger.

Timelog entries look like this:

i 2009/03/31 22:21:45 some:project
o 2009/04/01 02:00:34

The clockin description is treated as an account name. Here are some queries to try (after downloading sample.timelog):

ln -s `which hledger` ~/bin/hours            # set up "hours" in your path
export TIMELOG=sample.timelog
hours                                        # show all time balances
hours -p 'last week'                         # last week
hours -p thismonth                           # the space is optional
hours -p 'from 1/15' register project        # project sessions since jan 15
hours -p 'weekly' reg --depth 1 -E           # weekly time summary

This is a useful feature, if you can find a way to efficiently record timelog entries. The "ti" and "to" scripts may be available from the c++ ledger 2.x repository. I use timeclock-x.el and ledgerutils.el in emacs.

Compatibility with c++ ledger

Implementation

Unlike c++ ledger, hledger is written in the Haskell programming language. Haskell enables a coding style known as pure lazy functional programming, which holds the promise of more robust and maintainable software built with fewer lines of code. Haskell also provides a more abstracted, portable platform which can make deployment and installation easier in some cases. Haskell also brings some new challenges such as managing memory growth.

File format compatibility

hledger's file format is mostly identical with that of c++ ledger version 2, with some features (like modifier and periodic entries) being accepted, but ignored. There are also some subtle differences in parser behaviour (eg comments may be permissible in different places.) C++ ledger version 3 has introduced additional syntax, which current hledger probably fails to parse.

Generally, it's easy to keep a ledger file that works with both hledger and c++ledger if you avoid the more esoteric syntax. Occasionally you'll need to make small edits to restore compatibility for one or the other.

Features not supported

c++ ledger features not currently supported include: modifier and periodic entries, and the following c++ ledger options and commands:

Basic options:
-o, --output FILE      write output to FILE
-i, --init-file FILE   initialize ledger using FILE (default: ~/.ledgerrc)
-a, --account NAME     use NAME for the default account (useful with QIF)

Report filtering:
-c, --current          show only current and past entries (not future)
    --period-sort EXPR sort each report period's entries by EXPR
-L, --actual           consider only actual (non-automated) transactions
-r, --related          calculate report using related transactions
    --budget           generate budget entries based on periodic entries
    --add-budget       show all transactions plus the budget
    --unbudgeted       show only unbudgeted transactions
    --forecast EXPR    generate forecast entries while EXPR is true
-l, --limit EXPR       calculate only transactions matching EXPR
-t, --amount EXPR      use EXPR to calculate the displayed amount
-T, --total EXPR       use EXPR to calculate the displayed total

Output customization:
-n, --collapse         Only show totals in the top-most accounts.
-s, --subtotal         other: show subtotals
-P, --by-payee         show summarized totals by payee
-x, --comm-as-payee    set commodity name as the payee, for reporting
    --dow              show a days-of-the-week report
-S, --sort EXPR        sort report according to the value expression EXPR
-w, --wide             for the default register report, use 132 columns
    --head COUNT       show only the first COUNT entries (negative inverts)
    --tail COUNT       show only the last COUNT entries (negative inverts)
    --pager PAGER      send all output through the given PAGER program
-A, --average          report average transaction amount
-D, --deviation        report deviation from the average
-%, --percentage       report balance totals as a percentile of the parent
    --totals           in the "xml" report, include running total
-j, --amount-data      print only raw amount data (useful for scripting)
-J, --total-data       print only raw total data
-y, --date-format STR  use STR as the date format (default: %Y/%m/%d)
-F, --format STR       use STR as the format; for each report type, use:
    --balance-format      --register-format       --print-format
    --plot-amount-format  --plot-total-format     --equity-format
    --prices-format       --wide-register-format

Commodity reporting:
    --price-db FILE    sets the price database to FILE (def: ~/.pricedb)
-L, --price-exp MINS   download quotes only if newer than MINS (def: 1440)
-Q, --download         download price information when needed
-O, --quantity         report commodity totals (this is the default)
-V, --market           report last known market value
-g, --performance      report gain/loss for each displayed transaction
-G, --gain             report net gain/loss

Commands:
xml      [REGEXP]...   print matching entries in XML format
equity   [REGEXP]...   output equity entries for matching accounts
prices   [REGEXP]...   display price history for matching commodities
entry DATE PAYEE AMT   output a derived entry, based on the arguments

Other differences

• hledger recognises description and negative patterns by "desc:" and "not:" prefixes, unlike ledger 3's free-form parser
• hledger doesn't require a space before command-line option values, you can write -f-
• hledger's weekly reporting intervals always start on mondays
• hledger shows start and end dates of the intervals requested, not just the span containing data
• hledger period expressions don't support "biweekly", "bimonthly", or "every N days/weeks/..."
• hledger always shows timelog balances in hours
• hledger splits multi-day timelog sessions at midnight
• hledger doesn't track the value of commodities with varying price; prices are fixed as of the transaction date
• hledger print shows amounts for all postings, and shows unit prices for amounts which have them
• hledger assumes a transaction's actual date comes first, and is required, while the optional effective date comes second (cf Actual and effective dates)
• hledger does not support per-posting actual or effective dates

More examples and recipes

• Here's a bash function that will run hledger chart and display the image in your (graphical) emacs:

  function chart () {
    hledger chart $* && emacsclient -n hledger.png
  }
  

  Example:

  $ chart food --depth 2 -p jan