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% ChaCha20 and Poly1305 for IETF protocols % Y. Nir (Check Point), A. Langley (Google Inc), D. McNamee (Galois, Inc) % July 28, 2014
Abstract
This document defines the ChaCha20 stream cipher, as well as the use of the Poly1305 authenticator, both as stand-alone algorithms, and as a "combined mode", or Authenticated Encryption with Additional Data (AEAD) algorithm.
This document does not introduce any new crypto, but is meant to serve as a stable reference and an implementation guide.
This version of the document is a translation of the IETF draft document draft-irtf-cfrg-chacha20-poly1305 into "literate Cryptol". This document can be loaded and executed by a Cryptol interpreter. There is an open source implementation of Cryptol available at http://cryptol.net
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document.
Introduction
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES - [FIPS-197]) has become the gold standard in encryption. Its efficient design, wide implementation, and hardware support allow for high performance in many areas. On most modern platforms, AES is anywhere from 4x to 10x as fast as the previous most-used cipher, 3-key Data Encryption Standard (3DES - [FIPS-46]), which makes it not only the best choice, but the only practical choice.
The problem is that if future advances in cryptanalysis reveal a weakness in AES, users will be in an unenviable position. With the only other widely supported cipher being the much slower 3DES, it is not feasible to re-configure implementations to use 3DES. [standby-cipher] describes this issue and the need for a standby cipher in greater detail.
This document defines such a standby cipher. We use ChaCha20 ([chacha]) with or without the Poly1305 ([poly1305]) authenticator. These algorithms are not just fast. They are fast even in software- only C-language implementations, allowing for much quicker deployment when compared with algorithms such as AES that are significantly accelerated by hardware implementations.
This document does not introduce these new algorithms. They have been defined in scientific papers by D. J. Bernstein, which are referenced by this document. The purpose of this document is to serve as a stable reference for IETF documents making use of these algorithms.
These algorithms have undergone rigorous analysis. Several papers discuss the security of Salsa and ChaCha ([LatinDances], [Zhenqing2012]).
Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
The description of the ChaCha algorithm will at various time refer to the ChaCha state as a "vector" or as a "matrix". This follows the use of these terms in DJB's paper. The matrix notation is more visually convenient, and gives a better notion as to why some rounds are called "column rounds" while others are called "diagonal rounds". Here's a diagram of how matrices relate to vectors (using the C language convention of zero being the index origin).
0 , 1 , 2 , 3,
4 , 5 , 6 , 7,
8 , 9 , 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15
The elements in this vector or matrix are 32-bit unsigned integers.
module ChaCha20 where
type ChaChaState = [16][32]
The algorithm name is "ChaCha". "ChaCha20" is a specific instance where 20 "rounds" (or 80 quarter rounds - see "The ChaCha Quarter Round", below) are used. Other variations are defined, with 8 or 12 rounds, but in this document we only describe the 20-round ChaCha, so the names "ChaCha" and "ChaCha20" will be used interchangeably.
The Algorithms
The subsections below describe the algorithms used and the AEAD construction.
The ChaCha Quarter Round
The basic operation of the ChaCha algorithm is the quarter round. It operates on four 32-bit unsigned integers, denoted a, b, c, and d. The operation is as follows:
ChaChaQuarterround : [4][32] -> [4][32]
ChaChaQuarterround [a, b, c, d] = [a'', b'', c'', d''] where
a' = a + b
d' = (d ^ a') <<< 16
c' = c + d'
b' = (b ^ c') <<< 12
a'' = a' + b'
d'' = (d' ^ a'') <<< 8
c'' = c' + d''
b'' = (b' ^ c'') <<< 7
Where "+" denotes integer addition without carry, "^" denotes a bitwise XOR, and "<<< n" denotes an n-bit left rotation (towards the high bits).
For example, let's see the add, XOR and roll operations from the first two lines with sample numbers:
- b = 0x01020304
- a = 0x11111111
- d = 0x01234567
- a = a + b = 0x11111111 + 0x01020304 = 0x12131415
- d = d ^ a = 0x01234567 ^ 0x12131415 = 0x13305172
- d = d<<<16 = 0x51721330
Test Vector for the ChaCha Quarter Round
For a test vector, we will use the same numbers as in the example, adding something random for c.
After running a Quarter Round on these 4 numbers, we get these:
property ChaChaQuarterround_passes_test =
ChaChaQuarterround [ 0x11111111 // a
, 0x01020304 // b
, 0x9b8d6f43 // c
, 0x01234567 // d
]
==
[ 0xea2a92f4
, 0xcb1cf8ce
, 0x4581472e
, 0x5881c4bb
]
A Quarter Round on the ChaCha State
The ChaCha state does not have 4 integer numbers, but 16. So the quarter round operation works on only 4 of them - hence the name. Each quarter round operates on 4 pre-determined numbers in the ChaCha state. We will denote by QUATERROUND(x,y,z,w) a quarter-round operation on the numbers at indexes x, y, z, and w of the ChaCha state when viewed as a vector. For example, if we apply QUARTERROUND(1,5,9,13) to a state, this means running the quarter round operation on the elements marked with an asterisk, while leaving the others alone:
0 *a 2 3
4 *b 6 7
8 *c 10 11
12 *d 14 15
Note that this run of quarter round is part of what is called a "column round".
Test Vector for the Quarter Round on the ChaCha state
For a test vector, we will use a ChaCha state that was generated randomly:
Sample ChaCha State
879531e0 c5ecf37d 516461b1 c9a62f8a
44c20ef3 3390af7f d9fc690b 2a5f714c
53372767 b00a5631 974c541a 359e9963
5c971061 3d631689 2098d9d6 91dbd320
We will apply the QUARTERROUND(2,7,8,13) operation to this state. For obvious reasons, this one is part of what is called a "diagonal round":
After applying QUARTERROUND(2,7,8,13)
879531e0 c5ecf37d bdb886dc c9a62f8a
44c20ef3 3390af7f d9fc690b cfacafd2
e46bea80 b00a5631 974c541a 359e9963
5c971061 ccc07c79 2098d9d6 91dbd320
Note that only the numbers in positions 2, 7, 8, and 13 changed.
In the Cryptol implementation of ChaCha20, the ChaChaQuarterround is called on four elements at a time, and there is no destructive state modification, so it would be artificial to reproduce the above example of the partially-destructively modified matrix. Instead, we show the output of calling ChaChaQuarterround on the diagonal elements identified above:
property ChaChaQuarterround_passes_column_test =
ChaChaQuarterround [ 0x516461b1 // a
, 0x2a5f714c // b
, 0x53372767 // c
, 0x3d631689 // d
]
==
[ 0xbdb886dc
, 0xcfacafd2
, 0xe46bea80
, 0xccc07c79
]
The ChaCha20 block Function
The ChaCha block function transforms a ChaCha state by running multiple quarter rounds.
The inputs to ChaCha20 are:
- A 256-bit key, treated as a concatenation of 8 32-bit little-endian integers.
- A 96-bit nonce, treated as a concatenation of 3 32-bit little-endian integers.
- A 32-bit block count parameter, treated as a 32-bit little-endian integer.
The output is 64 random-looking bytes.
ChaCha20Block : ChaChaKey -> [96] -> [32] -> ChaChaState
The ChaCha algorithm described here uses a 256-bit key. The original algorithm also specified 128-bit keys and 8- and 12-round variants, but these are out of scope for this document. In this section we describe the ChaCha block function.
type ChaChaKey = [256]
Note also that the original ChaCha had a 64-bit nonce and 64-bit block count. We have modified this here to be more consistent with recommendations in section 3.2 of [RFC5116]. This limits the use of a single (key,nonce) combination to 2^32 blocks, or 256 GB, but that is enough for most uses. In cases where a single key is used by multiple senders, it is important to make sure that they don't use the same nonces. This can be assured by partitioning the nonce space so that the first 32 bits are unique per sender, while the other 64 bits come from a counter.
The ChaCha20 state is initialized as follows:
- The first 4 words (0-3) are constants: 0x61707865, 0x3320646e, 0x79622d32, 0x6b206574.
FirstRow = [0x61707865, 0x3320646e, 0x79622d32, 0x6b206574]
property FirstRow_correct = groupBy`{8}(join [ littleendian (split w)
| w <- FirstRow ])
== "expand 32-byte k"
- The next 8 words (4-11) are taken from the 256-bit key by reading the bytes in little-endian order, in 4-byte chunks.
KeyToRows : ChaChaKey -> [8][32]
KeyToRows key = [littleendian (split words) | words <- (split key)]
- Word 12 is a block counter. Since each block is 64-byte, a 32-bit word is enough for 256 Gigabytes of data.
- Words 13-15 are a nonce, which should not be repeated for the same key. The 13th word is the first 32 bits of the input nonce taken as a little-endian integer, while the 15th word is the last 32 bits.
Initial state structure:
cccccccc cccccccc cccccccc cccccccc
kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk
kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk
bbbbbbbb nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn
c=constant k=key b=blockcount n=nonce
NonceToRow : [96] -> [32] -> [4][32]
NonceToRow n i = [i] # [ littleendian (split words) | words <- groupBy`{32} n ]
BuildState : ChaChaKey -> [96] -> [32] -> [16][32]
BuildState key nonce i = split (join (FirstRow # KeyToRows key # NonceToRow nonce i))
ChaCha20 runs 20 rounds, alternating between "column" and "diagonal" rounds. Each round is 4 quarter-rounds, and they are run as follows. Rounds 1-4 are part of the "column" round, while 5-8 are part of the "diagonal" round:
columns = [ 0, 4, 8, 12, // round 1 - column round
1, 5, 9, 13, // round 2
2, 6, 10, 14, // round 3
3, 7, 11, 15 ] // round 4
diags = [ 0, 5, 10, 15, // round 5 - diagonal round
1, 6, 11, 12, // round 6
2, 7, 8, 13, // round 7
3, 4, 9, 14 ] // round 8
The Cryptol pattern of using the @@ operator on permutations of the indices of
the matrix creates a new matrix that consists of rows that correspond to the
quarter-round calls. To restore the element-indices to their original ordering,
after each application we perform the inverse permutation. Since the column
round is just a square matrix transposition, it inverts itself, but the
diagonal round needs to have an inverse permutation calculated, which we do
here:
inversePermutation (perms:[a+1]b) = [ indexOf i perms | i <- [ 0 .. a ] ]
invDiags = inversePermutation diags
invCols = inversePermutation columns // which happens to be the same as columns
ChaChaTwoRounds (xs:ChaChaState) = xs'' where
xs' = join [ChaChaQuarterround x | x <- groupBy`{4}(xs@@columns) ] @@ invCols
xs'' = (join [ChaChaQuarterround x | x <- groupBy`{4}(xs'@@diags ) ]) @@ invDiags
ChaCha : ChaChaState -> [8] -> ChaChaState
ChaCha s n = chain@n where
chain = [s] # [ ChaChaTwoRounds ci | ci <- chain | i <- [0 .. 9] ]
At the end of 20 rounds, the original input words are added to the output words, and the result is serialized by sequencing the words one-by-one in little-endian order.
// ChaCha20Block : ChaChaKey -> [96] -> [32] -> ChaChaState (repeated from above)
ChaCha20Block key nonce i = (ChaCha initialState 10) + initialState where
initialState = BuildState key nonce i
Test Vector for the ChaCha20 Block Function
For a test vector, we will use the following inputs to the ChaCha20 block function:
TestKey : ChaChaKey
TestKey = join (parseHexString
( "00:01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:0a:0b:0c:0d:0e:0f:10:11:12:13:" #
"14:15:16:17:18:19:1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f.") )
The key is a sequence of octets with no particular structure before we copy it into the ChaCha state.
TestNonce : [96]
TestNonce = join (parseHexString "00:00:00:09:00:00:00:4a:00:00:00:00.")
After setting up the ChaCha state, it looks like this:
ChaCha State with the key set up.
TestState = BuildState TestKey TestNonce 1
property BuildState_correct = TestState == [
0x61707865, 0x3320646e, 0x79622d32, 0x6b206574,
0x03020100, 0x07060504, 0x0b0a0908, 0x0f0e0d0c,
0x13121110, 0x17161514, 0x1b1a1918, 0x1f1e1d1c,
0x00000001, 0x09000000, 0x4a000000, 0x00000000 ]
After running 20 rounds (10 column rounds interleaved with 10 diagonal rounds), the ChaCha state looks like this:
ChaCha State after 20 rounds
ChaCha20_state1 = [
0x837778ab, 0xe238d763, 0xa67ae21e, 0x5950bb2f,
0xc4f2d0c7, 0xfc62bb2f, 0x8fa018fc, 0x3f5ec7b7,
0x335271c2, 0xf29489f3, 0xeabda8fc, 0x82e46ebd,
0xd19c12b4, 0xb04e16de, 0x9e83d0cb, 0x4e3c50a2
]
property ChaChaStateAfter20_correct = ChaCha TestState 10 == ChaCha20_state1
Finally we add the original state to the result (simple vector or matrix addition), giving this:
ChaCha State at the end of the ChaCha20 operation
ChaCha20_block_1 = [
0xe4e7f110, 0x15593bd1, 0x1fdd0f50, 0xc47120a3,
0xc7f4d1c7, 0x0368c033, 0x9aaa2204, 0x4e6cd4c3,
0x466482d2, 0x09aa9f07, 0x05d7c214, 0xa2028bd9,
0xd19c12b5, 0xb94e16de, 0xe883d0cb, 0x4e3c50a2
]
property ChaCha20_test1 = ChaCha20Block TestKey TestNonce 1 == ChaCha20_block_1
The ChaCha20 encryption algorithm
ChaCha20 is a stream cipher designed by D. J. Bernstein. It is a refinement of the Salsa20 algorithm, and uses a 256-bit key.
ChaCha20 successively calls the ChaCha20 block function, with the same key and nonce, and with successively increasing block counter parameters. ChaCha20 then serializes the resulting state by writing the numbers in little-endian order, creating a key-stream block. Concatenating the key-stream blocks from the successive blocks forms a key stream, which is then XOR-ed with the plaintext. Alternatively, each key-stream block can be XOR-ed with a plaintext block before proceeding to create the next block, saving some memory.
There is no requirement for the plaintext to be an integral multiple of 512-bits. If there is extra keystream from the last block, it is discarded. Specific protocols MAY require that the plaintext and ciphertext have certain length. Such protocols need to specify how the plaintext is padded, and how much padding it receives.
The inputs to ChaCha20 are:
- A 256-bit key
- A 32-bit initial counter. This can be set to any number, but will usually be zero or one. It makes sense to use 1 if we use the zero block for something else, such as generating a one-time authenticator key as part of an AEAD algorithm.
- A 96-bit nonce. In some protocols, this is known as the Initialization Vector.
- an arbitrary-length plaintext
The output is an encrypted message of the same length.
// TODO: reorder args below, and get rid of this wrapper
ChaCha20Encrypt : {a} (fin a) => ChaChaKey -> [32] -> [96] -> [a][8] -> [a][8]
ChaCha20Encrypt k i n msg = ChaCha20EncryptBytes msg k n i
ChaCha20EncryptBytes msg k n i= [ m ^ kb | m <- msg | kb <- keystream ] where
keystream = groupBy`{8}(join (join (ChaCha20ExpandKey k n i)))
ChaCha20ExpandKey : ChaChaKey -> [96] -> [32] -> [inf]ChaChaState
ChaCha20ExpandKey k n i = [ ToLittleEndian (ChaCha20Block k n j)
| j <- ([i ...]:[_][32])
]
Decryption is done in the same way. The ChaCha20 block function is used to expand the key into a key stream, which is XOR-ed with the ciphertext giving back the plaintext.
ChaCha20DecryptBytes = ChaCha20EncryptBytes
Example and Test Vector for the ChaCha20 Cipher
For a test vector, we will use the following inputs to the ChaCha20 block function:
Sunscreen_Key = join (parseHexString
( "00:01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:0a:0b:0c:0d:0e:0f:10:11:12:13:"
# "14:15:16:17:18:19:1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f."
) )
Sunscreen_Nonce = join (parseHexString "00:00:00:00:00:00:00:4a:00:00:00:00.")
Sunscreen_Initial_Counter = 1
We use the following for the plaintext. It was chosen to be long enough to require more than one block, but not so long that it would make this example cumbersome (so, less than 3 blocks):
Plaintext Sunscreen:
Plaintext_Sunscreen = "Ladies and Gentlemen of the class of '99: " #
"If I could offer you only one tip for the " #
"future, sunscreen would be it."
The following figure shows 4 ChaCha state matrices:
- First block as it is set up.
- Second block as it is set up. Note that these blocks are only two bits apart - only the counter in position 12 is different.
- Third block is the first block after the ChaCha20 block operation.
- Final block is the second block after the ChaCha20 block operation was applied.
After that, we show the keystream.
First block setup:
Sunscreen_State1 = [
0x61707865, 0x3320646e, 0x79622d32, 0x6b206574,
0x03020100, 0x07060504, 0x0b0a0908, 0x0f0e0d0c,
0x13121110, 0x17161514, 0x1b1a1918, 0x1f1e1d1c,
0x00000001, 0x00000000, 0x4a000000, 0x00000000
]
property SunscreenBuildState_correct =
BuildState Sunscreen_Key Sunscreen_Nonce 1 == Sunscreen_State1
Second block setup:
Sunscreen_State2 = [
0x61707865, 0x3320646e, 0x79622d32, 0x6b206574,
0x03020100, 0x07060504, 0x0b0a0908, 0x0f0e0d0c,
0x13121110, 0x17161514, 0x1b1a1918, 0x1f1e1d1c,
0x00000002, 0x00000000, 0x4a000000, 0x00000000
]
property SunscreenBuildState2_correct =
BuildState Sunscreen_Key Sunscreen_Nonce 2 == Sunscreen_State2
First block after block operation:
SunscreenAfterBlock1 = [
0xf3514f22, 0xe1d91b40, 0x6f27de2f, 0xed1d63b8,
0x821f138c, 0xe2062c3d, 0xecca4f7e, 0x78cff39e,
0xa30a3b8a, 0x920a6072, 0xcd7479b5, 0x34932bed,
0x40ba4c79, 0xcd343ec6, 0x4c2c21ea, 0xb7417df0
]
property SunscreenBlock1_correct =
ChaCha20Block Sunscreen_Key Sunscreen_Nonce 1 == SunscreenAfterBlock1
Second block after block operation:
SunscreenAfterBlock2 = [
0x9f74a669, 0x410f633f, 0x28feca22, 0x7ec44dec,
0x6d34d426, 0x738cb970, 0x3ac5e9f3, 0x45590cc4,
0xda6e8b39, 0x892c831a, 0xcdea67c1, 0x2b7e1d90,
0x037463f3, 0xa11a2073, 0xe8bcfb88, 0xedc49139
]
property SunscreenBlock2_correct =
ChaCha20Block Sunscreen_Key Sunscreen_Nonce 2 == SunscreenAfterBlock2
Keystream:
SunscreenKeystream = (parseHexString
( "22:4f:51:f3:40:1b:d9:e1:2f:de:27:6f:b8:63:1d:ed:8c:13:1f:82:3d:2c:06:"
# "e2:7e:4f:ca:ec:9e:f3:cf:78:8a:3b:0a:a3:72:60:0a:92:b5:79:74:cd:ed:2b:"
# "93:34:79:4c:ba:40:c6:3e:34:cd:ea:21:2c:4c:f0:7d:41:b7:69:a6:74:9f:3f:"
# "63:0f:41:22:ca:fe:28:ec:4d:c4:7e:26:d4:34:6d:70:b9:8c:73:f3:e9:c5:3a:"
# "c4:0c:59:45:39:8b:6e:da:1a:83:2c:89:c1:67:ea:cd:90:1d:7e:2b:f3:63."
) )
SunscreenKeystream_correct (skref:[skwidth][8]) =
take`{skwidth}
(groupBy`{8} (join (join(ChaCha20ExpandKey
Sunscreen_Key Sunscreen_Nonce 1)))) == skref
Finally, we XOR the Keystream with the plaintext, yielding the Ciphertext:
Ciphertext_Sunscreen =
[0x6e, 0x2e, 0x35, 0x9a, 0x25, 0x68, 0xf9, 0x80, 0x41, 0xba, 0x07,
0x28, 0xdd, 0x0d, 0x69, 0x81, 0xe9, 0x7e, 0x7a, 0xec, 0x1d, 0x43,
0x60, 0xc2, 0x0a, 0x27, 0xaf, 0xcc, 0xfd, 0x9f, 0xae, 0x0b, 0xf9,
0x1b, 0x65, 0xc5, 0x52, 0x47, 0x33, 0xab, 0x8f, 0x59, 0x3d, 0xab,
0xcd, 0x62, 0xb3, 0x57, 0x16, 0x39, 0xd6, 0x24, 0xe6, 0x51, 0x52,
0xab, 0x8f, 0x53, 0x0c, 0x35, 0x9f, 0x08, 0x61, 0xd8, 0x07, 0xca,
0x0d, 0xbf, 0x50, 0x0d, 0x6a, 0x61, 0x56, 0xa3, 0x8e, 0x08, 0x8a,
0x22, 0xb6, 0x5e, 0x52, 0xbc, 0x51, 0x4d, 0x16, 0xcc, 0xf8, 0x06,
0x81, 0x8c, 0xe9, 0x1a, 0xb7, 0x79, 0x37, 0x36, 0x5a, 0xf9, 0x0b,
0xbf, 0x74, 0xa3, 0x5b, 0xe6, 0xb4, 0x0b, 0x8e, 0xed, 0xf2, 0x78,
0x5e, 0x42, 0x87, 0x4d]
property ChaCha_encrypt_sunscreen_correct =
ChaCha20EncryptBytes Plaintext_Sunscreen Sunscreen_Key Sunscreen_Nonce 1
== Ciphertext_Sunscreen
property Sunscreen_decrypt_correct =
ChaCha20DecryptBytes Ciphertext_Sunscreen Sunscreen_Key Sunscreen_Nonce 1
== Plaintext_Sunscreen
The Poly1305 algorithm
Poly1305 is a one-time authenticator designed by D. J. Bernstein. Poly1305 takes a 32-byte one-time key and a message and produces a 16-byte tag.
The original article ([poly1305]) is entitled "The Poly1305-AES message-authentication code", and the MAC function there requires a 128-bit AES key, a 128-bit "additional key", and a 128-bit (non- secret) nonce. AES is used there for encrypting the nonce, so as to get a unique (and secret) 128-bit string, but as the paper states, "There is nothing special about AES here. One can replace AES with an arbitrary keyed function from an arbitrary set of nonces to 16- byte strings."
Regardless of how the key is generated, the key is partitioned into
two parts, called "r" and "s". The pair (r,s) should be unique, and
MUST be unpredictable for each invocation (that is why it was
originally obtained by encrypting a nonce), while "r" MAY be
constant, but needs to be modified as follows before being used: ("r"
is treated as a 16-octet little-endian number):
- r[3], r[7], r[11], and r[15] are required to have their top four bits clear (be smaller than 16)
Om = 15 // odd masks - for 3, 7, 11 & 15
- r[4], r[8], and r[12] are required to have their bottom two bits clear (be divisible by 4)
The following Cryptol code clamps "r" to be appropriate:
Em = 252 // even masks - for 4, 8 & 12
nm = 255 // no mask
PolyMasks : [16][8] // mask indices
PolyMasks = [ nm, nm, nm, Om, // 0-3
Em, nm, nm, Om, // 4-7
Em, nm, nm, Om, // 8-11
Em, nm, nm, Om ] // 12-15
Poly1305_clamp : [16][8] -> [16][8]
Poly1305_clamp r = [ re && mask | re <- r | mask <- PolyMasks ]
The "s" should be unpredictable, but it is perfectly acceptable to generate both "r" and "s" uniquely each time. Because each of them is 128-bit, pseudo-randomly generating them (see "Generating the Poly1305 key using ChaCha20") is also acceptable.
The inputs to Poly1305 are:
- A 256-bit one-time key
- An arbitrary length message (comprised of
floorBlocks16-byte blocks, andrembytes left over)
The output is a 128-bit tag.
Poly1305 : {m} (fin m)
=> [256] -> [m][8] -> [16][8]
Set the constant prime "P" be 2^130-5.
P : [136]
P = 2^^130 - 5
First, the "r" value should be clamped.
Poly1305 key msg = result where
type floorBlocks = m / 16
type rem = m - floorBlocks*16
[ru, su] = split key
r : [136] // internal arithmetic on (128+8)-bit numbers
r = littleendian ((Poly1305_clamp (split ru)) # [0x00])
s = littleendian ((split su) # [0x00])
Next, divide the message into 16-byte blocks. The last block might be shorter:
- Read each block as a little-endian number.
- Add one bit beyond the number of octets. For a 16-byte block this is equivalent to adding 2^128 to the number. For the shorter block it can be 2^120, 2^112, or any power of two that is evenly divisible by 8, all the way down to 2^8.
// pad all the blocks uniformly (we'll handle the final block later)
paddedBlocks = [ 0x01 # (littleendian block)
| block <- groupBy`{16}(msg # (zero:[inf][8])) ]
- If the block is not 17 bytes long (the last block), then left-pad it with zeros. This is meaningless if you're treating it them as numbers.
lastBlock : [136]
lastBlock = zero # 0x01 # (littleendian (drop`{16*floorBlocks} msg))
- Add the current block to the accumulator.
- Multiply by "r"
- Set the accumulator to the result modulo p. To summarize:
accum[i+1] = ((accum[i]+block)*r) % p.
accum:[_][136]
accum = [zero:[136]] # [ computeElt a b r P | a <- accum | b <- paddedBlocks ]
// ^ the accumulator starts at zero
- If the block division leaves no remainder, the last value of the accumulator is good otherwise compute the special-case padded block, and compute the final value of the accumulator
lastAccum : [136]
lastAccum = if `rem == 0
then accum@`floorBlocks
else computeElt (accum@`floorBlocks) lastBlock r P
Finally, the value of the secret key "s" is added to the accumulator, and the 128 least significant bits are serialized in little-endian order to form the tag.
result = reverse (groupBy`{8} (drop`{8}(lastAccum + s)))
// Compute ((a + b) * r ) % P being pedantic about bit-widths
computeElt : [136] -> [136] -> [136] -> [136] -> [136]
computeElt a b r p = (drop`{137}bigResult) where
bigResult : [273]
aPlusB : [137]
aPlusB = (0b0#a) + (0b0#b) // make room for carry
timesR : [273]
timesR = ((zero:[136])#aPlusB) * ((zero:[137])#r) // [a]*[b]=[a+b]
bigResult = timesR % ((zero:[137])#p)
Poly1305 Example and Test Vector
For our example, we will dispense with generating the one-time key using AES, and assume that we got the following keying material:
- Key Material: 85:d6:be:78:57:55:6d:33:7f:44:52:fe:42:d5:06:a8:01: 03:80:8a:fb:0d:b2:fd:4a:bf:f6:af:41:49:f5:1b
Poly1305TestKey = join (parseHexString
( "85:d6:be:78:57:55:6d:33:7f:44:52:fe:42:d5:06:a8:01:"
# "03:80:8a:fb:0d:b2:fd:4a:bf:f6:af:41:49:f5:1b."
) )
- s as an octet string: 01:03:80:8a:fb:0d:b2:fd:4a:bf:f6:af:41:49:f5:1b
- s as a 128-bit number: 1bf54941aff6bf4afdb20dfb8a800301
Poly1305Test_s = parseHexString
"01:03:80:8a:fb:0d:b2:fd:4a:bf:f6:af:41:49:f5:1b."
Poly1305Test_sbits = join (reverse Poly1305Test_s)
property poly1306Sokay = Poly1305Test_sbits == 0x1bf54941aff6bf4afdb20dfb8a800301
Poly1305TestMessage = "Cryptographic Forum Research Group"
- r before clamping: 85:d6:be:78:57:55:6d:33:7f:44:52:fe:42:d5:06:a8
- Clamped r as a number: 806d5400e52447c036d555408bed685.
Since Poly1305 works in 16-byte chunks, the 34-byte message divides into 3 blocks. In the following calculation, "Acc" denotes the accumulator and "Block" the current block:
Here we define a Cryptol function that returns all of the intermediate values of the accumulator:
// TODO: refactor the Poly function in terms of this AccumBlocks
// challenge: doing so while maintaining the clean literate correspondence with the spec
AccumBlocks : {m, floorBlocks, rem} (fin m, floorBlocks == m/16, rem == m - floorBlocks*16)
=> [256] -> [m][8] -> ([_][136], [136])
AccumBlocks key msg = (accum, lastAccum) where
[ru, su] = split key
r : [136] // internal arithmetic on (128+8)-bit numbers
r = littleendian ((Poly1305_clamp (split ru)) # [0x00])
s = littleendian ((split su) # [0x00])
// pad all the blocks uniformly (we'll handle the final block later)
paddedBlocks = [ 0x01 # (littleendian block)
| block <- groupBy`{16}(msg # (zero:[inf][8])) ]
lastBlock : [136]
lastBlock = zero # 0x01 # (littleendian (drop`{16*floorBlocks} msg))
accum:[_][136]
accum = [zero:[136]] # [ computeElt a b r P | a <- accum | b <- paddedBlocks ]
// ^ the accumulator starts at zero
lastAccum : [136]
lastAccum = if `rem == 0
then accum@`floorBlocks
else computeElt (accum@`floorBlocks) lastBlock r P
Block #1
Acc = 00
Block = 6f4620636968706172676f7470797243
Block with 0x01 byte = 016f4620636968706172676f7470797243
Acc + block = 016f4620636968706172676f7470797243
(Acc+Block) * r =
b83fe991ca66800489155dcd69e8426ba2779453994ac90ed284034da565ecf
Acc = ((Acc+Block)*r) % P = 2c88c77849d64ae9147ddeb88e69c83fc
Block #2
Acc = 2c88c77849d64ae9147ddeb88e69c83fc
Block = 6f7247206863726165736552206d7572
Block with 0x01 byte = 016f7247206863726165736552206d7572
Acc + block = 437febea505c820f2ad5150db0709f96e
(Acc+Block) * r =
21dcc992d0c659ba4036f65bb7f88562ae59b32c2b3b8f7efc8b00f78e548a26
Acc = ((Acc+Block)*r) % P = 2d8adaf23b0337fa7cccfb4ea344b30de
Last Block
Acc = 2d8adaf23b0337fa7cccfb4ea344b30de
Block = 7075
Block with 0x01 byte = 017075
Acc + block = 2d8adaf23b0337fa7cccfb4ea344ca153
(Acc + Block) * r =
16d8e08a0f3fe1de4fe4a15486aca7a270a29f1e6c849221e4a6798b8e45321f
((Acc + Block) * r) % P = 28d31b7caff946c77c8844335369d03a7
property polyBlocksOK =
(blocks @ 1 == 0x02c88c77849d64ae9147ddeb88e69c83fc) /\
(blocks @ 2 == 0x02d8adaf23b0337fa7cccfb4ea344b30de) /\
(lastBlock == 0x028d31b7caff946c77c8844335369d03a7) where
(blocks, lastBlock) = AccumBlocks Poly1305TestKey Poly1305TestMessage
Adding s we get this number, and serialize if to get the tag:
Acc + s = 2a927010caf8b2bc2c6365130c11d06a8
Tag: a8:06:1d:c1:30:51:36:c6:c2:2b:8b:af:0c:01:27:a9
// Putting it all together and testing:
Poly1305TestTag = "a8:06:1d:c1:30:51:36:c6:c2:2b:8b:af:0c:01:27:a9."
property Poly1305_passes_test = Poly1305 Poly1305TestKey Poly1305TestMessage ==
parseHexString Poly1305TestTag
Generating the Poly1305 key using ChaCha20
As said in the "Poly 1305 Algorithm" section, it is acceptable to generate the one-time Poly1305 pseudo-randomly. This section proposes such a method.
To generate such a key pair (r,s), we will use the ChaCha20 block function described in Section 2.3. This assumes that we have a 256- bit session key for the MAC function, such as SK_ai and SK_ar in IKEv2 ([RFC5996]), the integrity key in ESP and AH, or the client_write_MAC_key and server_write_MAC_key in TLS. Any document that specifies the use of Poly1305 as a MAC algorithm for some protocol must specify that 256 bits are allocated for the integrity key. Note that in the AEAD construction defined in Section 2.8, the same key is used for encryption and key generation, so the use of SK_a* or *_write_MAC_key is only for stand-alone Poly1305.
The method is to call the block function with the following parameters:
- The 256-bit session integrity key is used as the ChaCha20 key.
- The block counter is set to zero.
- The protocol will specify a 96-bit or 64-bit nonce. This MUST be unique per invocation with the same key, so it MUST NOT be randomly generated. A counter is a good way to implement this, but other methods, such as an LFSR are also acceptable. ChaCha20 as specified here requires a 96-bit nonce. So if the provided nonce is only 64-bit, then the first 32 bits of the nonce will be set to a constant number. This will usually be zero, but for protocols with multiple senders it may be different for each sender, but should be the same for all invocations of the function with the same key by a particular sender.
After running the block function, we have a 512-bit state. We take the first 256 bits or the serialized state, and use those as the one- time Poly1305 key: The first 128 bits are clamped, and form "r", while the next 128 bits become "s". The other 256 bits are discarded.
Note that while many protocols have provisions for a nonce for encryption algorithms (often called Initialization Vectors, or IVs), they usually don't have such a provision for the MAC function. In that case the per-invocation nonce will have to come from somewhere else, such as a message counter.
Poly1305 Key Generation Test Vector
For this example, we'll set:
PolyKeyTest = join (parseHexString (
"80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f " #
"90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f "
))
PolyNonceTest : [96]
PolyNonceTest = join (
parseHexString ("00 00 00 00 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 "))
The ChaCha state set up with key, nonce, and block counter zero:
PolyBuildState_testVector = [
0x61707865, 0x3320646e, 0x79622d32, 0x6b206574,
0x83828180, 0x87868584, 0x8b8a8988, 0x8f8e8d8c,
0x93929190, 0x97969594, 0x9b9a9998, 0x9f9e9d9c,
0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x03020100, 0x07060504 ]
property PolyBuildState_correct = BuildState PolyKeyTest PolyNonceTest 0
== PolyBuildState_testVector
The ChaCha state after 20 rounds:
PolyChaChaState_testVector = [
0x8ba0d58a, 0xcc815f90, 0x27405081, 0x7194b24a,
0x37b633a8, 0xa50dfde3, 0xe2b8db08, 0x46a6d1fd,
0x7da03782, 0x9183a233, 0x148ad271, 0xb46773d1,
0x3cc1875a, 0x8607def1, 0xca5c3086, 0x7085eb87 ]
property PolyChaCha_correct = ChaCha20Block PolyKeyTest PolyNonceTest 0 ==
PolyChaChaState_testVector
And that output is also the 32-byte one-time key used for Poly1305.
PolyOutput = join (parseHexString (
"8a d5 a0 8b 90 5f 81 cc 81 50 40 27 4a b2 94 71 " #
"a8 33 b6 37 e3 fd 0d a5 08 db b8 e2 fd d1 a6 46 "))
GeneratePolyKeyUsingChaCha k n i = join [littleendian (groupBy`{8}b)
| b <- take `{8}(ChaCha20Block k n i) ]
property Poly_passes_test = GeneratePolyKeyUsingChaCha PolyKeyTest PolyNonceTest 0 == PolyOutput
A Pseudo-Random Function for ChaCha/Poly-1305 based Crypto Suites
Some protocols such as IKEv2([RFC5996]) require a Pseudo-Random Function (PRF), mostly for key derivation. In the IKEv2 definition, a PRF is a function that accepts a variable-length key and a variable-length input, and returns a fixed-length output. This section does not specify such a function.
Poly-1305 is an obvious choice, because MAC functions are often used as PRFs. However, Poly-1305 prohibits using the same key twice, whereas the PRF in IKEv2 is used multiple times with the same key. Adding a nonce or a counter to Poly-1305 can solve this issue, much as we do when using this function as a MAC, but that would require changing the interface for the PRF function.
Chacha20 could be used as a key-derivation function, by generating an arbitrarily long keystream. However, that is not what protocols such as IKEv2 require.
For this reason, this document does not specify a PRF, and recommends that crypto suites use some other PRF such as PRF_HMAC_SHA2_256 (section 2.1.2 of [RFC4868])
AEAD Construction
AEAD_CHACHA20-POLY1305 is an authenticated encryption with additional data algorithm. The inputs to AEAD_CHACHA20-POLY1305 are:
- A 256-bit key
- A 96-bit nonce - different for each invocation with the same key.
- An arbitrary length plaintext (fewer than 2^64 bytes)
- Arbitrary length additional data (AAD) (fewer than 2^64 bytes)
AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305 : {m, n}
(fin m, 64 >= width m
,fin n, 64 >= width n )
=> [256] -> [96] -> [m][8] -> [n][8]
-> [m+16][8]
AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305 k nonce p aad = (ct # tag) where
Some protocols may have unique per-invocation inputs that are not 96- bit in length. For example, IPsec may specify a 64-bit nonce. In such a case, it is up to the protocol document to define how to transform the protocol nonce into a 96-bit nonce, for example by concatenating a constant value.
The ChaCha20 and Poly1305 primitives are combined into an AEAD that takes a 256-bit key and 96-bit nonce as follows:
- First, a Poly1305 one-time key is generated from the 256-bit key and nonce using the procedure described in "Generating the Poly1305 key using ChaCha20".
PolyKey = GeneratePolyKeyUsingChaCha k nonce 0
- Next, the ChaCha20 encryption function is called to encrypt the plaintext, using the input key and nonce, and with the initial counter set to 1.
ct = ChaCha20EncryptBytes p k nonce 1
- Finally, the Poly1305 function is called with the Poly1305 key
calculated above, and a message constructed as a concatenation of
the following:
- The AAD
- padding1 - the padding is up to 15 zero bytes, and it brings the total length so far to an integral multiple of 16. If the length of the AAD was already an integral multiple of 16 bytes, this field is zero-length.
- The ciphertext
- padding2 - the padding is up to 15 zero bytes, and it brings the total length so far to an integral multiple of 16. If the length of the ciphertext was already an integral multiple of 16 bytes, this field is zero-length.
- The length of the additional data in octets (as a 64-bit little-endian integer).
- The length of the ciphertext in octets (as a 64-bit little- endian integer).
ptlen : [8][8]
ptlen = groupBy`{8}(littleendian (groupBy`{8}(`m:[64])))
adlen : [8][8]
adlen = groupBy`{8}(littleendian (groupBy`{8}(`n:[64])))
// compute padding
tag = Poly1305 PolyKey (AeadConstruction aad ct)
//ct in this function has tag removed
AeadConstruction (AAD : [n][8]) (CT : [m][8]) = (AAD # padding1 # CT # padding2 # adlen # ptlen) where
padding1 = (zero:[n %^ 16][8])
padding2 = (zero:[m %^ 16][8])
adlen : [8][8]
adlen = groupBy`{8}(littleendian (groupBy`{8}(`n:[64])))
ptlen : [8][8]
ptlen = groupBy`{8}(littleendian (groupBy`{8}(`m:[64])))
The output from the AEAD is twofold:
- A ciphertext of the same length as the plaintext.
- A 128-bit tag, which is the output of the Poly1305 function.
Decryption is pretty much the same thing.
AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305_DECRYPT : {m, n} (fin m, fin n
,64 >= width m, 64 >= width n)
=> [256] -> [96]
-> [m+16][8] -> [n][8]
-> ([m][8], Bit)
AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305_DECRYPT k nonce ct ad = (pt, valid) where
inTag = drop`{m}ct
inCt = take`{m}ct
PolyKey = GeneratePolyKeyUsingChaCha k nonce 0
pt = ChaCha20DecryptBytes inCt k nonce 1
ptlen : [8][8]
ptlen = groupBy`{8}(littleendian (groupBy`{8}(`m:[64])))
adlen : [8][8]
adlen = groupBy`{8}(littleendian (groupBy`{8}(`n:[64])))
tag = Poly1305 PolyKey (AeadConstruction ad inCt)
valid = tag == inTag
A few notes about this design:
-
The amount of encrypted data possible in a single invocation is 2^32-1 blocks of 64 bytes each, because of the size of the block counter field in the ChaCha20 block function. This gives a total of 247,877,906,880 bytes, or nearly 256 GB. This should be enough for traffic protocols such as IPsec and TLS, but may be too small for file and/or disk encryption. For such uses, we can return to the original design, reduce the nonce to 64 bits, and use the integer at position 13 as the top 32 bits of a 64-bit block counter, increasing the total message size to over a million petabytes (1,180,591,620,717,411,303,360 bytes to be exact).
-
Despite the previous item, the ciphertext length field in the construction of the buffer on which Poly1305 runs limits the ciphertext (and hence, the plaintext) size to 2^64 bytes, or sixteen thousand petabytes (18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bytes to be exact).
Example and Test Vector for AEAD_CHACHA20-POLY1305
For a test vector, we will use the following inputs to the AEAD_CHACHA20-POLY1305 function:
Plaintext:
AeadPt = "Ladies and Gentlemen of the class of '99: " #
"If I could offer you only one tip for " #
"the future, sunscreen would be it."
AeadAAD = parseHexString "50 51 52 53 c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 "
AeadKey = join (parseHexString (
"80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f " #
"90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f " ))
AeadIV = join [ 0x40, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0x47 ]
AeadC = join [0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]
AeadNonce = AeadC # AeadIV
32-bit fixed-common part:
AeadCT = ChaCha20EncryptBytes AeadPt AeadKey AeadNonce 1
AeadPolyKey = GeneratePolyKeyUsingChaCha AeadKey (AeadC # AeadIV) 0
ADleLen : [8][8]
ADleLen = groupBy`{8}(littleendian (groupBy`{8}((length AeadAAD):[64])))
CTleLen : [8][8]
CTleLen = groupBy`{8}(littleendian (groupBy`{8}((length AeadCT):[64])))
AeadTag = Poly1305 AeadPolyKey (AeadConstruction AeadAAD AeadCT)
Set up for generating poly1305 one-time key (sender id=7):
AeadPolyOneTimeKey_testVector = [
0x61707865, 0x3320646e, 0x79622d32, 0x6b206574,
0x83828180, 0x87868584, 0x8b8a8988, 0x8f8e8d8c,
0x93929190, 0x97969594, 0x9b9a9998, 0x9f9e9d9c,
0x00000000, 0x00000007, 0x43424140, 0x47464544 ]
property AeadPolyKeyBuildState_correct =
BuildState AeadKey AeadNonce 0 == AeadPolyOneTimeKey_testVector
After generating Poly1305 one-time key:
AeadPolyOneTimeKeyState = [
0x252bac7b, 0xaf47b42d, 0x557ab609, 0x8455e9a4,
0x73d6e10a, 0xebd97510, 0x7875932a, 0xff53d53e,
0xdecc7ea2, 0xb44ddbad, 0xe49c17d1, 0xd8430bc9,
0x8c94b7bc, 0x8b7d4b4b, 0x3927f67d, 0x1669a432]
property AeadPolyChaCha_correct =
ChaCha20Block AeadKey AeadNonce 0 == AeadPolyOneTimeKeyState
Poly1305 Key:
Poly1305Key_testVector = join (parseHexString (
"7b ac 2b 25 2d b4 47 af 09 b6 7a 55 a4 e9 55 84 " #
"0a e1 d6 73 10 75 d9 eb 2a 93 75 78 3e d5 53 ff " ))
property poly1305Test_correct = AeadPolyKey == Poly1305Key_testVector
Poly1305_r = 0x0455e9a4057ab6080f47b42c052bac7b
Poly1305_s = 0xff53d53e7875932aebd9751073d6e10a
Keystream bytes:
9f:7b:e9:5d:01:fd:40:ba:15:e2:8f:fb:36:81:0a:ae:
c1:c0:88:3f:09:01:6e:de:dd:8a:d0:87:55:82:03:a5:
4e:9e:cb:38:ac:8e:5e:2b:b8:da:b2:0f:fa:db:52:e8:
75:04:b2:6e:be:69:6d:4f:60:a4:85:cf:11:b8:1b:59:
fc:b1:c4:5f:42:19:ee:ac:ec:6a:de:c3:4e:66:69:78:
8e:db:41:c4:9c:a3:01:e1:27:e0:ac:ab:3b:44:b9:cf:
5c:86:bb:95:e0:6b:0d:f2:90:1a:b6:45:e4:ab:e6:22:
15:38
Ciphertext:
000 d3 1a 8d 34 64 8e 60 db 7b 86 af bc 53 ef 7e c2|...4d.`.{...S.~.
016 a4 ad ed 51 29 6e 08 fe a9 e2 b5 a7 36 ee 62 d6|...Q)n......6.b.
032 3d be a4 5e 8c a9 67 12 82 fa fb 69 da 92 72 8b|=..^..g....i..r.
048 1a 71 de 0a 9e 06 0b 29 05 d6 a5 b6 7e cd 3b 36|.q.....)....~.;6
064 92 dd bd 7f 2d 77 8b 8c 98 03 ae e3 28 09 1b 58|...-w......(..X
080 fa b3 24 e4 fa d6 75 94 55 85 80 8b 48 31 d7 bc|..$...u.U...H1..
096 3f f4 de f0 8e 4b 7a 9d e5 76 d2 65 86 ce c6 4b|?....Kz..v.e...K
112 61 16 |a.
AEAD Construction for Poly1305:
AeadConstructionTestVector = parseHexString (
"50:51:52:53:c0:c1:c2:c3:c4:c5:c6:c7:00:00:00:00:" #
"d3:1a:8d:34:64:8e:60:db:7b:86:af:bc:53:ef:7e:c2:" #
"a4:ad:ed:51:29:6e:08:fe:a9:e2:b5:a7:36:ee:62:d6:" #
"3d:be:a4:5e:8c:a9:67:12:82:fa:fb:69:da:92:72:8b:" #
"1a:71:de:0a:9e:06:0b:29:05:d6:a5:b6:7e:cd:3b:36:" #
"92:dd:bd:7f:2d:77:8b:8c:98:03:ae:e3:28:09:1b:58:" #
"fa:b3:24:e4:fa:d6:75:94:55:85:80:8b:48:31:d7:bc:" #
"3f:f4:de:f0:8e:4b:7a:9d:e5:76:d2:65:86:ce:c6:4b:" #
"61:16:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:" #
"0c:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:72:00:00:00:00:00:00:00." )
Note the 4 zero bytes in line 000 and the 14 zero bytes in line 128
// Tag:
AeadTagTestVector = parseHexString "1a:e1:0b:59:4f:09:e2:6a:7e:90:2e:cb:d0:60:06:91."
property AeadTag_correct = AeadTag == AeadTagTestVector
property AeadConstruction_correct = (AeadConstruction AeadAAD AeadCT) == AeadConstructionTestVector
property AeadDecrypt_correct = ptMatches /\ isValid where
(pt,isValid) = AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305_DECRYPT AeadKey (AeadIV # AeadC) cypherText AeadAAD
cypherText = (AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305 AeadKey (AeadIV # AeadC) AeadPt AeadAAD)
ptMatches = AeadPt == pt
Implementation Advice
Each block of ChaCha20 involves 16 move operations and one increment operation for loading the state, 80 each of XOR, addition and Roll operations for the rounds, 16 more add operations and 16 XOR operations for protecting the plaintext. Section 2.3 describes the ChaCha block function as "adding the original input words". This implies that before starting the rounds on the ChaCha state, we copy it aside, only to add it in later. This is correct, but we can save a few operations if we instead copy the state and do the work on the copy. This way, for the next block you don't need to recreate the state, but only to increment the block counter. This saves approximately 5.5% of the cycles.
It is not recommended to use a generic big number library such as the one in OpenSSL for the arithmetic operations in Poly1305. Such libraries use dynamic allocation to be able to handle any-sized integer, but that flexibility comes at the expense of performance as well as side-channel security. More efficient implementations that run in constant time are available, one of them in DJB's own library, NaCl ([NaCl]). A constant-time but not optimal approach would be to naively implement the arithmetic operations for a 288-bit integers, because even a naive implementation will not exceed 2^288 in the multiplication of (acc+block) and r. An efficient constant-time implementation can be found in the public domain library poly1305- donna ([poly1305_donna]).
Security Considerations
The ChaCha20 cipher is designed to provide 256-bit security.
The Poly1305 authenticator is designed to ensure that forged messages are rejected with a probability of 1-(n/(2^102)) for a 16n-byte message, even after sending 2^64 legitimate messages, so it is SUF- CMA in the terminology of [AE].
Proving the security of either of these is beyond the scope of this document. Such proofs are available in the referenced academic papers.
The most important security consideration in implementing this draft is the uniqueness of the nonce used in ChaCha20. Counters and LFSRs are both acceptable ways of generating unique nonces, as is encrypting a counter using a 64-bit cipher such as DES. Note that it is not acceptable to use a truncation of a counter encrypted with a 128-bit or 256-bit cipher, because such a truncation may repeat after a short time.
The Poly1305 key MUST be unpredictable to an attacker. Randomly generating the key would fulfill this requirement, except that Poly1305 is often used in communications protocols, so the receiver should know the key. Pseudo-random number generation such as by encrypting a counter is acceptable. Using ChaCha with a secret key and a nonce is also acceptable.
The algorithms presented here were designed to be easy to implement in constant time to avoid side-channel vulnerabilities. The operations used in ChaCha20 are all additions, XORs, and fixed rotations. All of these can and should be implemented in constant time. Access to offsets into the ChaCha state and the number of operations do not depend on any property of the key, eliminating the chance of information about the key leaking through the timing of cache misses.
For Poly1305, the operations are addition, multiplication and modulus, all on >128-bit numbers. This can be done in constant time, but a naive implementation (such as using some generic big number library) will not be constant time. For example, if the multiplication is performed as a separate operation from the modulus, the result will some times be under 2^256 and some times be above 2^256. Implementers should be careful about timing side-channels for Poly1305 by using the appropriate implementation of these operations.
IANA Considerations
There are no IANA considerations for this document.
Acknowledgements
ChaCha20 and Poly1305 were invented by Daniel J. Bernstein. The AEAD construction and the method of creating the one-time poly1305 key were invented by Adam Langley.
Thanks to Robert Ransom, Watson Ladd, Stefan Buhler, and kenny patterson for their helpful comments and explanations. Thanks to Niels Moeller for suggesting the more efficient AEAD construction in this document. Special thanks to Ilari Liusvaara for providing extra test vectors, helpful comments, and for being the first to attempt an implementation from this draft.
References
Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[chacha] Bernstein, D., "ChaCha, a variant of Salsa20", Jan 2008.
[poly1305]
Bernstein, D., "The Poly1305-AES message-authentication
code", Mar 2005.
Informative References
[AE] Bellare, M. and C. Namprempre, "Authenticated Encryption:
Relations among notions and analysis of the generic
composition paradigm",
<http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~mihir/papers/oem.html>.
[FIPS-197]
National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES)", FIPS PUB 197, November 2001.
[FIPS-46] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Data
Encryption Standard", FIPS PUB 46-2, December 1993,
<http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip46-2.htm>.
[LatinDances]
Aumasson, J., Fischer, S., Khazaei, S., Meier, W., and C.
Rechberger, "New Features of Latin Dances: Analysis of
Salsa, ChaCha, and Rumba", Dec 2007.
[NaCl] Bernstein, D., Lange, T., and P. Schwabe, "NaCl:
Networking and Cryptography library",
<http://nacl.cace-project.eu/index.html>.
[RFC4868] Kelly, S. and S. Frankel, "Using HMAC-SHA-256, HMAC-SHA-
384, and HMAC-SHA-512 with IPsec", RFC 4868, May 2007.
[RFC5116] McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated
Encryption", RFC 5116, January 2008.
[RFC5996] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., and P. Eronen,
"Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)",
RFC 5996, September 2010.
[Zhenqing2012]
Zhenqing, S., Bin, Z., Dengguo, F., and W. Wenling,
"Improved key recovery attacks on reduced-round salsa20
and chacha", 2012.
[poly1305_donna]
Floodyberry, A., "Poly1305-donna",
<https://github.com/floodyberry/poly1305-donna>.
[standby-cipher]
McGrew, D., Grieco, A., and Y. Sheffer, "Selection of
Future Cryptographic Standards",
draft-mcgrew-standby-cipher (work in progress).
Authors' Addresses
Yoav Nir
Check Point Software Technologies Ltd.
5 Hasolelim st.
Tel Aviv 6789735
Israel
Email: ynir.ietf@gmail.com
Adam Langley
Google Inc
Email: agl@google.com
Dylan McNamee
Galois Inc
Email: dylan@galois.com
Appendix: Additional test vectors
The ChaCha20 Block Functions
// helper macros for higher-up properties
TV_block_correct key nonce blockcounter result = ChaCha20Block key nonce blockcounter == result
TV_block_Keystream_correct key nonce blockcounter keystream =
take`{0x40} (groupBy`{8} (join (join (ChaCha20ExpandKey key nonce blockcounter)))) == keystream
ChaCha20_block_correct key nonce blockcounter result keystream =
TV_block_correct key nonce blockcounter result /\
TV_block_Keystream_correct key nonce blockcounter keystream
Test Vector #1
TV1_block_Key = zero:ChaChaKey
TV1_block_Nonce = zero:[96]
TV1_block_BlockCounter = 0
TV1_block_After20 = [
0xade0b876, 0x903df1a0, 0xe56a5d40, 0x28bd8653,
0xb819d2bd, 0x1aed8da0, 0xccef36a8, 0xc70d778b,
0x7c5941da, 0x8d485751, 0x3fe02477, 0x374ad8b8,
0xf4b8436a, 0x1ca11815, 0x69b687c3, 0x8665eeb2]
TV1_block_KeyStream = [
0x76, 0xb8, 0xe0, 0xad, 0xa0, 0xf1, 0x3d, 0x90, 0x40, 0x5d, 0x6a, 0xe5, 0x53, 0x86, 0xbd, 0x28,
0xbd, 0xd2, 0x19, 0xb8, 0xa0, 0x8d, 0xed, 0x1a, 0xa8, 0x36, 0xef, 0xcc, 0x8b, 0x77, 0x0d, 0xc7,
0xda, 0x41, 0x59, 0x7c, 0x51, 0x57, 0x48, 0x8d, 0x77, 0x24, 0xe0, 0x3f, 0xb8, 0xd8, 0x4a, 0x37,
0x6a, 0x43, 0xb8, 0xf4, 0x15, 0x18, 0xa1, 0x1c, 0xc3, 0x87, 0xb6, 0x69, 0xb2, 0xee, 0x65, 0x86]
property TV1_block_correct = ChaCha20_block_correct TV1_block_Key TV1_block_Nonce TV1_block_BlockCounter TV1_block_After20 TV1_block_KeyStream
Test Vector #2
TV2_block_Key = zero:ChaChaKey
TV2_block_Nonce = zero:[96]
TV2_block_BlockCounter = 1
TV2_block_After20 = [
0xbee7079f, 0x7a385155, 0x7c97ba98, 0x0d082d73,
0xa0290fcb, 0x6965e348, 0x3e53c612, 0xed7aee32,
0x7621b729, 0x434ee69c, 0xb03371d5, 0xd539d874,
0x281fed31, 0x45fb0a51, 0x1f0ae1ac, 0x6f4d794b]
TV2_block_KeyStream = [
0x9f, 0x07, 0xe7, 0xbe, 0x55, 0x51, 0x38, 0x7a, 0x98, 0xba, 0x97, 0x7c, 0x73, 0x2d, 0x08, 0x0d,
0xcb, 0x0f, 0x29, 0xa0, 0x48, 0xe3, 0x65, 0x69, 0x12, 0xc6, 0x53, 0x3e, 0x32, 0xee, 0x7a, 0xed,
0x29, 0xb7, 0x21, 0x76, 0x9c, 0xe6, 0x4e, 0x43, 0xd5, 0x71, 0x33, 0xb0, 0x74, 0xd8, 0x39, 0xd5,
0x31, 0xed, 0x1f, 0x28, 0x51, 0x0a, 0xfb, 0x45, 0xac, 0xe1, 0x0a, 0x1f, 0x4b, 0x79, 0x4d, 0x6f]
property TV2_block_correct = ChaCha20_block_correct TV2_block_Key TV2_block_Nonce TV2_block_BlockCounter TV2_block_After20 TV2_block_KeyStream
Test Vector #3
TV3_block_Key = (zero # 0b1):ChaChaKey
TV3_block_Nonce = zero:[96]
TV3_block_BlockCounter = 1
TV3_block_After20 = [
0x2452eb3a, 0x9249f8ec, 0x8d829d9b, 0xddd4ceb1,
0xe8252083, 0x60818b01, 0xf38422b8, 0x5aaa49c9,
0xbb00ca8e, 0xda3ba7b4, 0xc4b592d1, 0xfdf2732f,
0x4436274e, 0x2561b3c8, 0xebdd4aa6, 0xa0136c00]
TV3_block_KeyStream = [
0x3a, 0xeb, 0x52, 0x24, 0xec, 0xf8, 0x49, 0x92, 0x9b, 0x9d, 0x82, 0x8d, 0xb1, 0xce, 0xd4, 0xdd,
0x83, 0x20, 0x25, 0xe8, 0x01, 0x8b, 0x81, 0x60, 0xb8, 0x22, 0x84, 0xf3, 0xc9, 0x49, 0xaa, 0x5a,
0x8e, 0xca, 0x00, 0xbb, 0xb4, 0xa7, 0x3b, 0xda, 0xd1, 0x92, 0xb5, 0xc4, 0x2f, 0x73, 0xf2, 0xfd,
0x4e, 0x27, 0x36, 0x44, 0xc8, 0xb3, 0x61, 0x25, 0xa6, 0x4a, 0xdd, 0xeb, 0x00, 0x6c, 0x13, 0xa0]
property TV3_block_correct = ChaCha20_block_correct TV3_block_Key TV3_block_Nonce TV3_block_BlockCounter TV3_block_After20 TV3_block_KeyStream
Test Vector #4
TV4_block_Key = ( 0x00ff # zero):ChaChaKey
TV4_block_Nonce = zero:[96]
TV4_block_BlockCounter = 2
TV4_block_After20 = [
0xfb4dd572, 0x4bc42ef1, 0xdf922636, 0x327f1394,
0xa78dea8f, 0x5e269039, 0xa1bebbc1, 0xcaf09aae,
0xa25ab213, 0x48a6b46c, 0x1b9d9bcb, 0x092c5be6,
0x546ca624, 0x1bec45d5, 0x87f47473, 0x96f0992e]
TV4_block_KeyStream = [
0x72, 0xd5, 0x4d, 0xfb, 0xf1, 0x2e, 0xc4, 0x4b, 0x36, 0x26, 0x92, 0xdf, 0x94, 0x13, 0x7f, 0x32,
0x8f, 0xea, 0x8d, 0xa7, 0x39, 0x90, 0x26, 0x5e, 0xc1, 0xbb, 0xbe, 0xa1, 0xae, 0x9a, 0xf0, 0xca,
0x13, 0xb2, 0x5a, 0xa2, 0x6c, 0xb4, 0xa6, 0x48, 0xcb, 0x9b, 0x9d, 0x1b, 0xe6, 0x5b, 0x2c, 0x09,
0x24, 0xa6, 0x6c, 0x54, 0xd5, 0x45, 0xec, 0x1b, 0x73, 0x74, 0xf4, 0x87, 0x2e, 0x99, 0xf0, 0x96]
property TV4_block_correct = ChaCha20_block_correct TV4_block_Key TV4_block_Nonce TV4_block_BlockCounter TV4_block_After20 TV4_block_KeyStream
Test Vector #5
TV5_block_Key = (zero):ChaChaKey
TV5_block_Nonce = zero # 0x02:[96]
TV5_block_BlockCounter = 0
TV5_block_After20 = [
0x374dc6c2, 0x3736d58c, 0xb904e24a, 0xcd3f93ef,
0x88228b1a, 0x96a4dfb3, 0x5b76ab72, 0xc727ee54,
0x0e0e978a, 0xf3145c95, 0x1b748ea8, 0xf786c297,
0x99c28f5f, 0x628314e8, 0x398a19fa, 0x6ded1b53]
TV5_block_KeyStream = [
0xc2, 0xc6, 0x4d, 0x37, 0x8c, 0xd5, 0x36, 0x37, 0x4a, 0xe2, 0x04, 0xb9, 0xef, 0x93, 0x3f, 0xcd,
0x1a, 0x8b, 0x22, 0x88, 0xb3, 0xdf, 0xa4, 0x96, 0x72, 0xab, 0x76, 0x5b, 0x54, 0xee, 0x27, 0xc7,
0x8a, 0x97, 0x0e, 0x0e, 0x95, 0x5c, 0x14, 0xf3, 0xa8, 0x8e, 0x74, 0x1b, 0x97, 0xc2, 0x86, 0xf7,
0x5f, 0x8f, 0xc2, 0x99, 0xe8, 0x14, 0x83, 0x62, 0xfa, 0x19, 0x8a, 0x39, 0x53, 0x1b, 0xed, 0x6d]
property TV5_block_correct = ChaCha20_block_correct TV5_block_Key TV5_block_Nonce TV5_block_BlockCounter TV5_block_After20 TV5_block_KeyStream
property all_block_tests_correct =
TV1_block_correct /\
TV2_block_correct /\
TV3_block_correct /\
TV4_block_correct /\
TV5_block_correct
ChaCha20 Encryption
ChaCha20_enc_correct key nonce blockcounter plaintext cyphertext = ChaCha20EncryptBytes plaintext key nonce blockcounter == cyphertext
Test Vector #1
TV1_enc_Key = (zero):ChaChaKey
TV1_enc_Nonce = zero:[96]
TV1_enc_BlockCounter = 0
TV1_enc_plaintext = zero:[64][8]
TV1_enc_cyphertext = [
0x76, 0xb8, 0xe0, 0xad, 0xa0, 0xf1, 0x3d, 0x90, 0x40, 0x5d, 0x6a, 0xe5, 0x53, 0x86, 0xbd, 0x28,
0xbd, 0xd2, 0x19, 0xb8, 0xa0, 0x8d, 0xed, 0x1a, 0xa8, 0x36, 0xef, 0xcc, 0x8b, 0x77, 0x0d, 0xc7,
0xda, 0x41, 0x59, 0x7c, 0x51, 0x57, 0x48, 0x8d, 0x77, 0x24, 0xe0, 0x3f, 0xb8, 0xd8, 0x4a, 0x37,
0x6a, 0x43, 0xb8, 0xf4, 0x15, 0x18, 0xa1, 0x1c, 0xc3, 0x87, 0xb6, 0x69, 0xb2, 0xee, 0x65, 0x86]
property TV1_enc_correct = ChaCha20_enc_correct TV1_enc_Key TV1_enc_Nonce TV1_enc_BlockCounter TV1_enc_plaintext TV1_enc_cyphertext
Test Vector #2
TV2_enc_Key = (zero # 0x1):ChaChaKey
TV2_enc_Nonce = zero # 0x2:[96]
TV2_enc_BlockCounter = 1
IETF_submission_text = [
0x41, 0x6e, 0x79, 0x20, 0x73, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x73, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x74,
0x6f, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x49, 0x45, 0x54, 0x46, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x65, 0x6e,
0x64, 0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x62, 0x79, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x72,
0x69, 0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x70, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x69,
0x63, 0x61, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x72,
0x20, 0x70, 0x61, 0x72, 0x74, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x49, 0x45, 0x54, 0x46,
0x20, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x44, 0x72, 0x61, 0x66, 0x74, 0x20,
0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x52, 0x46, 0x43, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x79, 0x20, 0x73,
0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x64, 0x65, 0x20, 0x77, 0x69,
0x74, 0x68, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x65, 0x78, 0x74,
0x20, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x49, 0x45, 0x54, 0x46, 0x20, 0x61, 0x63, 0x74, 0x69,
0x76, 0x69, 0x74, 0x79, 0x20, 0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x69, 0x64, 0x65, 0x72,
0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x22, 0x49, 0x45, 0x54, 0x46, 0x20, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x74,
0x72, 0x69, 0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x22, 0x2e, 0x20, 0x53, 0x75, 0x63, 0x68, 0x20,
0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x73, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x6c, 0x75,
0x64, 0x65, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x20, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x6e,
0x74, 0x73, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x49, 0x45, 0x54, 0x46, 0x20, 0x73, 0x65, 0x73, 0x73, 0x69,
0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0x20, 0x77, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0x20,
0x77, 0x72, 0x69, 0x74, 0x74, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x20, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x63,
0x74, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x69, 0x63, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x69, 0x63, 0x61,
0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x64, 0x65, 0x20, 0x61, 0x74, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e,
0x79, 0x20, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x63, 0x65, 0x2c,
0x20, 0x77, 0x68, 0x69, 0x63, 0x68, 0x20, 0x61, 0x72, 0x65, 0x20, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x72, 0x65,
0x73, 0x73, 0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x74, 0x6f ]
TV2_enc_plaintext = IETF_submission_text
TV2_enc_cyphertext = [
0xa3, 0xfb, 0xf0, 0x7d, 0xf3, 0xfa, 0x2f, 0xde, 0x4f, 0x37, 0x6c, 0xa2, 0x3e, 0x82, 0x73, 0x70,
0x41, 0x60, 0x5d, 0x9f, 0x4f, 0x4f, 0x57, 0xbd, 0x8c, 0xff, 0x2c, 0x1d, 0x4b, 0x79, 0x55, 0xec,
0x2a, 0x97, 0x94, 0x8b, 0xd3, 0x72, 0x29, 0x15, 0xc8, 0xf3, 0xd3, 0x37, 0xf7, 0xd3, 0x70, 0x05,
0x0e, 0x9e, 0x96, 0xd6, 0x47, 0xb7, 0xc3, 0x9f, 0x56, 0xe0, 0x31, 0xca, 0x5e, 0xb6, 0x25, 0x0d,
0x40, 0x42, 0xe0, 0x27, 0x85, 0xec, 0xec, 0xfa, 0x4b, 0x4b, 0xb5, 0xe8, 0xea, 0xd0, 0x44, 0x0e,
0x20, 0xb6, 0xe8, 0xdb, 0x09, 0xd8, 0x81, 0xa7, 0xc6, 0x13, 0x2f, 0x42, 0x0e, 0x52, 0x79, 0x50,
0x42, 0xbd, 0xfa, 0x77, 0x73, 0xd8, 0xa9, 0x05, 0x14, 0x47, 0xb3, 0x29, 0x1c, 0xe1, 0x41, 0x1c,
0x68, 0x04, 0x65, 0x55, 0x2a, 0xa6, 0xc4, 0x05, 0xb7, 0x76, 0x4d, 0x5e, 0x87, 0xbe, 0xa8, 0x5a,
0xd0, 0x0f, 0x84, 0x49, 0xed, 0x8f, 0x72, 0xd0, 0xd6, 0x62, 0xab, 0x05, 0x26, 0x91, 0xca, 0x66,
0x42, 0x4b, 0xc8, 0x6d, 0x2d, 0xf8, 0x0e, 0xa4, 0x1f, 0x43, 0xab, 0xf9, 0x37, 0xd3, 0x25, 0x9d,
0xc4, 0xb2, 0xd0, 0xdf, 0xb4, 0x8a, 0x6c, 0x91, 0x39, 0xdd, 0xd7, 0xf7, 0x69, 0x66, 0xe9, 0x28,
0xe6, 0x35, 0x55, 0x3b, 0xa7, 0x6c, 0x5c, 0x87, 0x9d, 0x7b, 0x35, 0xd4, 0x9e, 0xb2, 0xe6, 0x2b,
0x08, 0x71, 0xcd, 0xac, 0x63, 0x89, 0x39, 0xe2, 0x5e, 0x8a, 0x1e, 0x0e, 0xf9, 0xd5, 0x28, 0x0f,
0xa8, 0xca, 0x32, 0x8b, 0x35, 0x1c, 0x3c, 0x76, 0x59, 0x89, 0xcb, 0xcf, 0x3d, 0xaa, 0x8b, 0x6c,
0xcc, 0x3a, 0xaf, 0x9f, 0x39, 0x79, 0xc9, 0x2b, 0x37, 0x20, 0xfc, 0x88, 0xdc, 0x95, 0xed, 0x84,
0xa1, 0xbe, 0x05, 0x9c, 0x64, 0x99, 0xb9, 0xfd, 0xa2, 0x36, 0xe7, 0xe8, 0x18, 0xb0, 0x4b, 0x0b,
0xc3, 0x9c, 0x1e, 0x87, 0x6b, 0x19, 0x3b, 0xfe, 0x55, 0x69, 0x75, 0x3f, 0x88, 0x12, 0x8c, 0xc0,
0x8a, 0xaa, 0x9b, 0x63, 0xd1, 0xa1, 0x6f, 0x80, 0xef, 0x25, 0x54, 0xd7, 0x18, 0x9c, 0x41, 0x1f,
0x58, 0x69, 0xca, 0x52, 0xc5, 0xb8, 0x3f, 0xa3, 0x6f, 0xf2, 0x16, 0xb9, 0xc1, 0xd3, 0x00, 0x62,
0xbe, 0xbc, 0xfd, 0x2d, 0xc5, 0xbc, 0xe0, 0x91, 0x19, 0x34, 0xfd, 0xa7, 0x9a, 0x86, 0xf6, 0xe6,
0x98, 0xce, 0xd7, 0x59, 0xc3, 0xff, 0x9b, 0x64, 0x77, 0x33, 0x8f, 0x3d, 0xa4, 0xf9, 0xcd, 0x85,
0x14, 0xea, 0x99, 0x82, 0xcc, 0xaf, 0xb3, 0x41, 0xb2, 0x38, 0x4d, 0xd9, 0x02, 0xf3, 0xd1, 0xab,
0x7a, 0xc6, 0x1d, 0xd2, 0x9c, 0x6f, 0x21, 0xba, 0x5b, 0x86, 0x2f, 0x37, 0x30, 0xe3, 0x7c, 0xfd,
0xc4, 0xfd, 0x80, 0x6c, 0x22, 0xf2, 0x21]
property TV2_enc_correct = ChaCha20_enc_correct TV2_enc_Key TV2_enc_Nonce TV2_enc_BlockCounter TV2_enc_plaintext TV2_enc_cyphertext
Test Vector #3
TV3_enc_Key = join([
0x1c, 0x92, 0x40, 0xa5, 0xeb, 0x55, 0xd3, 0x8a, 0xf3, 0x33, 0x88, 0x86, 0x04, 0xf6, 0xb5, 0xf0,
0x47, 0x39, 0x17, 0xc1, 0x40, 0x2b, 0x80, 0x09, 0x9d, 0xca, 0x5c, 0xbc, 0x20, 0x70, 0x75, 0xc0]):ChaChaKey
TV3_enc_Nonce = zero # 0x2:[96]
TV3_enc_BlockCounter = 42:[32]
jabberwock_text = [
0x27, 0x54, 0x77, 0x61, 0x73, 0x20, 0x62, 0x72, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x67, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x61,
0x6e, 0x64, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x73, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68, 0x79, 0x20, 0x74, 0x6f,
0x76, 0x65, 0x73, 0x0a, 0x44, 0x69, 0x64, 0x20, 0x67, 0x79, 0x72, 0x65, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64,
0x20, 0x67, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x77,
0x61, 0x62, 0x65, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x41, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x73, 0x79, 0x20, 0x77,
0x65, 0x72, 0x65, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x76, 0x65,
0x73, 0x2c, 0x0a, 0x41, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x20,
0x72, 0x61, 0x74, 0x68, 0x73, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x74, 0x67, 0x72, 0x61, 0x62, 0x65, 0x2e]
TV3_enc_plaintext = jabberwock_text
TV3_enc_cyphertext = [
0x62, 0xe6, 0x34, 0x7f, 0x95, 0xed, 0x87, 0xa4, 0x5f, 0xfa, 0xe7, 0x42, 0x6f, 0x27, 0xa1, 0xdf,
0x5f, 0xb6, 0x91, 0x10, 0x04, 0x4c, 0x0d, 0x73, 0x11, 0x8e, 0xff, 0xa9, 0x5b, 0x01, 0xe5, 0xcf,
0x16, 0x6d, 0x3d, 0xf2, 0xd7, 0x21, 0xca, 0xf9, 0xb2, 0x1e, 0x5f, 0xb1, 0x4c, 0x61, 0x68, 0x71,
0xfd, 0x84, 0xc5, 0x4f, 0x9d, 0x65, 0xb2, 0x83, 0x19, 0x6c, 0x7f, 0xe4, 0xf6, 0x05, 0x53, 0xeb,
0xf3, 0x9c, 0x64, 0x02, 0xc4, 0x22, 0x34, 0xe3, 0x2a, 0x35, 0x6b, 0x3e, 0x76, 0x43, 0x12, 0xa6,
0x1a, 0x55, 0x32, 0x05, 0x57, 0x16, 0xea, 0xd6, 0x96, 0x25, 0x68, 0xf8, 0x7d, 0x3f, 0x3f, 0x77,
0x04, 0xc6, 0xa8, 0xd1, 0xbc, 0xd1, 0xbf, 0x4d, 0x50, 0xd6, 0x15, 0x4b, 0x6d, 0xa7, 0x31, 0xb1,
0x87, 0xb5, 0x8d, 0xfd, 0x72, 0x8a, 0xfa, 0x36, 0x75, 0x7a, 0x79, 0x7a, 0xc1, 0x88, 0xd1]
property TV3_enc_correct = ChaCha20_enc_correct TV3_enc_Key TV3_enc_Nonce TV3_enc_BlockCounter TV3_enc_plaintext TV3_enc_cyphertext
property all_enc_tests_correct =
TV1_enc_correct /\
TV2_enc_correct /\
TV3_enc_correct
Poly1305 Message Authentication Code
poly1305_MAC_correct key text tag = Poly1305 key text == tag
Test Vector #1
TV1_MAC_Key = zero:[256]
TV1_MAC_text = zero:[64][8]
TV1_MAC_tag = zero : [16][8]
property TV1_MAC_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV1_MAC_Key TV1_MAC_text TV1_MAC_tag
Test Vector #2
reused_key = [0x36, 0xe5, 0xf6, 0xb5, 0xc5, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x70, 0xf0, 0xef, 0xca, 0x96, 0x22, 0x7a, 0x86, 0x3e]
TV2_MAC_Key = zero # join(reused_key):[256]
TV2_MAC_text = IETF_submission_text
TV2_MAC_tag = reused_key: [16][8]
property TV2_MAC_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV2_MAC_Key TV2_MAC_text TV2_MAC_tag
Test Vector #3
TV3_MAC_Key = join(reused_key) # 0:[256]
TV3_MAC_text = IETF_submission_text
TV3_MAC_tag = [0xf3, 0x47, 0x7e, 0x7c, 0xd9, 0x54, 0x17, 0xaf, 0x89, 0xa6, 0xb8, 0x79, 0x4c, 0x31, 0x0c, 0xf0]: [16][8]
property TV3_MAC_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV3_MAC_Key TV3_MAC_text TV3_MAC_tag
Test Vector #4
TV4_MAC_Key = join(
[0x1c, 0x92, 0x40, 0xa5, 0xeb, 0x55, 0xd3, 0x8a, 0xf3, 0x33, 0x88, 0x86, 0x04, 0xf6, 0xb5, 0xf0,
0x47, 0x39, 0x17, 0xc1, 0x40, 0x2b, 0x80, 0x09, 0x9d, 0xca, 0x5c, 0xbc, 0x20, 0x70, 0x75, 0xc0]):[256]
TV4_MAC_text = jabberwock_text
TV4_MAC_tag = [0x45, 0x41, 0x66, 0x9a, 0x7e, 0xaa, 0xee, 0x61, 0xe7, 0x08, 0xdc, 0x7c, 0xbc, 0xc5, 0xeb, 0x62]: [16][8]
property TV4_MAC_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV4_MAC_Key TV4_MAC_text TV4_MAC_tag
Test Vector #5
If one uses 130-bit partial reduction, does the code handle the case where partially reduced final result is not fully reduced?
TV5_MAC_Key = 0x02 # zero:[256]
FF_16 = [0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]
TV5_MAC_text = FF_16
TV5_MAC_tag = split(0x03 # zero): [16][8]
property TV5_MAC_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV5_MAC_Key TV5_MAC_text TV5_MAC_tag
Test Vector #6
What happens if addition of s overflows modulo 2^128?
TV6_MAC_Key = 0x02 # zero # join(FF_16):[256]
TV6_MAC_text = split(0x02 # zero) : [16][8]
TV6_MAC_tag = split(0x03 # 0): [16][8]
property TV6_MAC_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV6_MAC_Key TV6_MAC_text TV6_MAC_tag
Test Vector #7
What happens if data limb is all ones and there is carry from lower limb?
TV7_MAC_Key = 0x01 # zero:[256]
TV7_MAC_text = [
0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
0xF0, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
0x11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]
TV7_MAC_tag = split(0x05 # zero): [16][8]
property TV7_MAC_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV7_MAC_Key TV7_MAC_text TV7_MAC_tag
Test Vector #8
What happens if final result from polynomial part is exactly 2^130-5?
TV8_MAC_Key = 0x01 # zero:[256]
TV8_MAC_text = [
0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
0xFB, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE,
0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01]
TV8_MAC_tag = split(zero): [16][8]
property TV8_MAC_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV8_MAC_Key TV8_MAC_text TV8_MAC_tag
Test Vector #9
What happens if final result from polynomial part is exactly 2^130-6?
TV9_MAC_Key = 0x02 # zero:[256]
TV9_MAC_text =
[0xFD, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]
TV9_MAC_tag = [0xFA, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]: [16][8]
property TV9_MAC_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV9_MAC_Key TV9_MAC_text TV9_MAC_tag
Test Vector #10
What happens if 5*H+L-type reduction produces 131- bit intermediate result?
TV10_MAC_Key = join([0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]) # 0 :[256]
TV10_MAC_text = [
0xE3, 0x35, 0x94, 0xD7, 0x50, 0x5E, 0x43, 0xB9, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x33, 0x94, 0xD7, 0x50, 0x5E, 0x43, 0x79, 0xCD, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]
TV10_MAC_tag = [0x14, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x55, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]: [16][8]
property TV10_MAC_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV10_MAC_Key TV10_MAC_text TV10_MAC_tag
Test Vector #11
What happens if 5*H+L-type reduction produces 131- bit final result?
TV11_MAC_Key = join([0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]) # 0 :[256]
TV11_MAC_text = [
0xE3, 0x35, 0x94, 0xD7, 0x50, 0x5E, 0x43, 0xB9, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x33, 0x94, 0xD7, 0x50, 0x5E, 0x43, 0x79, 0xCD, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]
TV11_MAC_tag = split(0x13 # 0): [16][8]
property TV11_MAC_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV11_MAC_Key TV11_MAC_text TV11_MAC_tag
property all_MAC_tests_correct =
TV1_MAC_correct /\
TV2_MAC_correct /\
TV3_MAC_correct /\
TV4_MAC_correct /\
TV5_MAC_correct /\
TV6_MAC_correct /\
TV7_MAC_correct /\
TV8_MAC_correct /\
TV9_MAC_correct /\
TV10_MAC_correct /\
TV11_MAC_correct
Poly1305 Key Generation Using ChaCha20
Poly1305_key_correct key nonce otk = GeneratePolyKeyUsingChaCha key nonce 0 == otk
Test Vector #1
TV1_key_Key = zero:ChaChaKey
TV1_key_Nonce = zero:[96]
TV1_key_OneTimeKey = join([
0x76, 0xb8, 0xe0, 0xad, 0xa0, 0xf1, 0x3d, 0x90, 0x40, 0x5d, 0x6a, 0xe5, 0x53, 0x86, 0xbd, 0x28,
0xbd, 0xd2, 0x19, 0xb8, 0xa0, 0x8d, 0xed, 0x1a, 0xa8, 0x36, 0xef, 0xcc, 0x8b, 0x77, 0x0d, 0xc7])
property TV1_key_correct = Poly1305_key_correct TV1_key_Key TV1_key_Nonce TV1_key_OneTimeKey
Test Vector #2
TV2_key_Key = zero # 0x01:ChaChaKey
TV2_key_Nonce = zero # 0x02:[96]
TV2_key_OneTimeKey = join([
0xec, 0xfa, 0x25, 0x4f, 0x84, 0x5f, 0x64, 0x74, 0x73, 0xd3, 0xcb, 0x14, 0x0d, 0xa9, 0xe8, 0x76,
0x06, 0xcb, 0x33, 0x06, 0x6c, 0x44, 0x7b, 0x87, 0xbc, 0x26, 0x66, 0xdd, 0xe3, 0xfb, 0xb7, 0x39])
property TV2_key_correct = Poly1305_key_correct TV2_key_Key TV2_key_Nonce TV2_key_OneTimeKey
Test Vector #3
TV3_key_Key = join([
0x1c, 0x92, 0x40, 0xa5, 0xeb, 0x55, 0xd3, 0x8a, 0xf3, 0x33, 0x88, 0x86, 0x04, 0xf6, 0xb5, 0xf0,
0x47, 0x39, 0x17, 0xc1, 0x40, 0x2b, 0x80, 0x09, 0x9d, 0xca, 0x5c, 0xbc, 0x20, 0x70, 0x75, 0xc0]):ChaChaKey
TV3_key_Nonce = zero # 0x02:[96]
TV3_key_OneTimeKey = join([
0x96, 0x5e, 0x3b, 0xc6, 0xf9, 0xec, 0x7e, 0xd9, 0x56, 0x08, 0x08, 0xf4, 0xd2, 0x29, 0xf9, 0x4b,
0x13, 0x7f, 0xf2, 0x75, 0xca, 0x9b, 0x3f, 0xcb, 0xdd, 0x59, 0xde, 0xaa, 0xd2, 0x33, 0x10, 0xae])
property TV3_key_correct = Poly1305_key_correct TV3_key_Key TV3_key_Nonce TV3_key_OneTimeKey
property all_key_tests_correct =
TV1_key_correct /\
TV2_key_correct /\
TV3_key_correct
ChaCha20-Poly1305 AEAD Decryption
Below we’ll see decrypting a message. We receive a ciphertext, a nonce, and a tag. We know the key. We will check the tag, and then (assuming that it validates) decrypt the ciphertext. In this particular protocol, we’ll assume that there is no padding of the plaintext.
AEAD_correct key nonce cypherText tag AAD = ptMatches /\ isValid where
(pt,isValid) = AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305_DECRYPT key nonce cypherText AAD
cypherText = (AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305 key nonce AeadPt AAD)
ptMatches = tag == pt
//known
TV1_AEAD_key = join([
0x1c, 0x92, 0x40, 0xa5, 0xeb, 0x55, 0xd3, 0x8a, 0xf3, 0x33, 0x88, 0x86, 0x04, 0xf6, 0xb5, 0xf0,
0x47, 0x39, 0x17, 0xc1, 0x40, 0x2b, 0x80, 0x09, 0x9d, 0xca, 0x5c, 0xbc, 0x20, 0x70, 0x75, 0xc0])
//sent
TV1_AEAD_nonce = join([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08])
//sent
TV1_AEAD_AAD = [0xf3, 0x33, 0x88, 0x86, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4e, 0x91]
// calculated
TV1_AEAD_known_otk = join([
0xbd, 0xf0, 0x4a, 0xa9, 0x5c, 0xe4, 0xde, 0x89, 0x95, 0xb1, 0x4b, 0xb6, 0xa1, 0x8f, 0xec, 0xaf,
0x26, 0x47, 0x8f, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x54, 0xf5, 0x63, 0xdb, 0xc0, 0xa2, 0x1e, 0x26, 0x15, 0x72, 0xaa])
//sent
TV1_AEAD_tag = [0xee, 0xad, 0x9d, 0x67, 0x89, 0x0c, 0xbb, 0x22, 0x39, 0x23, 0x36, 0xfe, 0xa1, 0x85, 0x1f, 0x38]
TV1_AEAD_cypherText = [
0x64, 0xa0, 0x86, 0x15, 0x75, 0x86, 0x1a, 0xf4, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x62, 0xc7, 0x9b, 0xe6, 0x43, 0xbd,
0x5e, 0x80, 0x5c, 0xfd, 0x34, 0x5c, 0xf3, 0x89, 0xf1, 0x08, 0x67, 0x0a, 0xc7, 0x6c, 0x8c, 0xb2,
0x4c, 0x6c, 0xfc, 0x18, 0x75, 0x5d, 0x43, 0xee, 0xa0, 0x9e, 0xe9, 0x4e, 0x38, 0x2d, 0x26, 0xb0,
0xbd, 0xb7, 0xb7, 0x3c, 0x32, 0x1b, 0x01, 0x00, 0xd4, 0xf0, 0x3b, 0x7f, 0x35, 0x58, 0x94, 0xcf,
0x33, 0x2f, 0x83, 0x0e, 0x71, 0x0b, 0x97, 0xce, 0x98, 0xc8, 0xa8, 0x4a, 0xbd, 0x0b, 0x94, 0x81,
0x14, 0xad, 0x17, 0x6e, 0x00, 0x8d, 0x33, 0xbd, 0x60, 0xf9, 0x82, 0xb1, 0xff, 0x37, 0xc8, 0x55,
0x97, 0x97, 0xa0, 0x6e, 0xf4, 0xf0, 0xef, 0x61, 0xc1, 0x86, 0x32, 0x4e, 0x2b, 0x35, 0x06, 0x38,
0x36, 0x06, 0x90, 0x7b, 0x6a, 0x7c, 0x02, 0xb0, 0xf9, 0xf6, 0x15, 0x7b, 0x53, 0xc8, 0x67, 0xe4,
0xb9, 0x16, 0x6c, 0x76, 0x7b, 0x80, 0x4d, 0x46, 0xa5, 0x9b, 0x52, 0x16, 0xcd, 0xe7, 0xa4, 0xe9,
0x90, 0x40, 0xc5, 0xa4, 0x04, 0x33, 0x22, 0x5e, 0xe2, 0x82, 0xa1, 0xb0, 0xa0, 0x6c, 0x52, 0x3e,
0xaf, 0x45, 0x34, 0xd7, 0xf8, 0x3f, 0xa1, 0x15, 0x5b, 0x00, 0x47, 0x71, 0x8c, 0xbc, 0x54, 0x6a,
0x0d, 0x07, 0x2b, 0x04, 0xb3, 0x56, 0x4e, 0xea, 0x1b, 0x42, 0x22, 0x73, 0xf5, 0x48, 0x27, 0x1a,
0x0b, 0xb2, 0x31, 0x60, 0x53, 0xfa, 0x76, 0x99, 0x19, 0x55, 0xeb, 0xd6, 0x31, 0x59, 0x43, 0x4e,
0xce, 0xbb, 0x4e, 0x46, 0x6d, 0xae, 0x5a, 0x10, 0x73, 0xa6, 0x72, 0x76, 0x27, 0x09, 0x7a, 0x10,
0x49, 0xe6, 0x17, 0xd9, 0x1d, 0x36, 0x10, 0x94, 0xfa, 0x68, 0xf0, 0xff, 0x77, 0x98, 0x71, 0x30,
0x30, 0x5b, 0xea, 0xba, 0x2e, 0xda, 0x04, 0xdf, 0x99, 0x7b, 0x71, 0x4d, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x2c, 0x29,
0xa6, 0xad, 0x5c, 0xb4, 0x02, 0x2b, 0x02, 0x70, 0x9b]
TV1_AEAD_Poly_input = [
0xf3, 0x33, 0x88, 0x86, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4e, 0x91, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x64, 0xa0, 0x86, 0x15, 0x75, 0x86, 0x1a, 0xf4, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x62, 0xc7, 0x9b, 0xe6, 0x43, 0xbd,
0x5e, 0x80, 0x5c, 0xfd, 0x34, 0x5c, 0xf3, 0x89, 0xf1, 0x08, 0x67, 0x0a, 0xc7, 0x6c, 0x8c, 0xb2,
0x4c, 0x6c, 0xfc, 0x18, 0x75, 0x5d, 0x43, 0xee, 0xa0, 0x9e, 0xe9, 0x4e, 0x38, 0x2d, 0x26, 0xb0,
0xbd, 0xb7, 0xb7, 0x3c, 0x32, 0x1b, 0x01, 0x00, 0xd4, 0xf0, 0x3b, 0x7f, 0x35, 0x58, 0x94, 0xcf,
0x33, 0x2f, 0x83, 0x0e, 0x71, 0x0b, 0x97, 0xce, 0x98, 0xc8, 0xa8, 0x4a, 0xbd, 0x0b, 0x94, 0x81,
0x14, 0xad, 0x17, 0x6e, 0x00, 0x8d, 0x33, 0xbd, 0x60, 0xf9, 0x82, 0xb1, 0xff, 0x37, 0xc8, 0x55,
0x97, 0x97, 0xa0, 0x6e, 0xf4, 0xf0, 0xef, 0x61, 0xc1, 0x86, 0x32, 0x4e, 0x2b, 0x35, 0x06, 0x38,
0x36, 0x06, 0x90, 0x7b, 0x6a, 0x7c, 0x02, 0xb0, 0xf9, 0xf6, 0x15, 0x7b, 0x53, 0xc8, 0x67, 0xe4,
0xb9, 0x16, 0x6c, 0x76, 0x7b, 0x80, 0x4d, 0x46, 0xa5, 0x9b, 0x52, 0x16, 0xcd, 0xe7, 0xa4, 0xe9,
0x90, 0x40, 0xc5, 0xa4, 0x04, 0x33, 0x22, 0x5e, 0xe2, 0x82, 0xa1, 0xb0, 0xa0, 0x6c, 0x52, 0x3e,
0xaf, 0x45, 0x34, 0xd7, 0xf8, 0x3f, 0xa1, 0x15, 0x5b, 0x00, 0x47, 0x71, 0x8c, 0xbc, 0x54, 0x6a,
0x0d, 0x07, 0x2b, 0x04, 0xb3, 0x56, 0x4e, 0xea, 0x1b, 0x42, 0x22, 0x73, 0xf5, 0x48, 0x27, 0x1a,
0x0b, 0xb2, 0x31, 0x60, 0x53, 0xfa, 0x76, 0x99, 0x19, 0x55, 0xeb, 0xd6, 0x31, 0x59, 0x43, 0x4e,
0xce, 0xbb, 0x4e, 0x46, 0x6d, 0xae, 0x5a, 0x10, 0x73, 0xa6, 0x72, 0x76, 0x27, 0x09, 0x7a, 0x10,
0x49, 0xe6, 0x17, 0xd9, 0x1d, 0x36, 0x10, 0x94, 0xfa, 0x68, 0xf0, 0xff, 0x77, 0x98, 0x71, 0x30,
0x30, 0x5b, 0xea, 0xba, 0x2e, 0xda, 0x04, 0xdf, 0x99, 0x7b, 0x71, 0x4d, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x2c, 0x29,
0xa6, 0xad, 0x5c, 0xb4, 0x02, 0x2b, 0x02, 0x70, 0x9b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]
First, we calculate the one-time Poly1305 key
//generate and check the one time key (leaving out the given states from the document, they will be correct if this is correct)
property TV1_otk_correct = Poly1305_key_correct TV1_AEAD_key TV1_AEAD_nonce TV1_AEAD_known_otk
Next, we construct the AEAD buffer
// Helper macros for further properties
poly_input_correct AeadAAD cypherText result = (AeadConstruction AeadAAD cypherText) == result
property TV1_poly_input_correct = (poly_input_correct TV1_AEAD_AAD TV1_AEAD_cypherText TV1_AEAD_Poly_input)
We calculate the Poly1305 tag and find that it matches
property TV1_tag_correct = poly1305_MAC_correct TV1_AEAD_known_otk (AeadConstruction TV1_AEAD_AAD TV1_AEAD_cypherText) TV1_AEAD_tag
TV1_plaintext = [
0x49, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x44, 0x72, 0x61, 0x66, 0x74, 0x73, 0x20,
0x61, 0x72, 0x65, 0x20, 0x64, 0x72, 0x61, 0x66, 0x74, 0x20, 0x64, 0x6f, 0x63, 0x75, 0x6d, 0x65,
0x6e, 0x74, 0x73, 0x20, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x64, 0x20, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x61, 0x20,
0x6d, 0x61, 0x78, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x75, 0x6d, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x20, 0x73, 0x69, 0x78, 0x20, 0x6d,
0x6f, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x68, 0x73, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x79, 0x20, 0x62, 0x65,
0x20, 0x75, 0x70, 0x64, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x64, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x72, 0x65, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x63,
0x65, 0x64, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x73, 0x6f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x74, 0x65, 0x64,
0x20, 0x62, 0x79, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x72, 0x20, 0x64, 0x6f, 0x63, 0x75, 0x6d, 0x65,
0x6e, 0x74, 0x73, 0x20, 0x61, 0x74, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x79, 0x20, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x2e,
0x20, 0x49, 0x74, 0x20, 0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x70, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x70, 0x72,
0x69, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x20, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x20, 0x75, 0x73, 0x65, 0x20, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x65,
0x72, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x44, 0x72, 0x61, 0x66, 0x74, 0x73, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0x20, 0x72,
0x65, 0x66, 0x65, 0x72, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x65, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x69, 0x61,
0x6c, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x20, 0x63, 0x69, 0x74, 0x65, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65,
0x6d, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x72, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0x20,
0x2f, 0xe2, 0x80, 0x9c, 0x77, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x6b, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x67,
0x72, 0x65, 0x73, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0xe2, 0x80, 0x9d]
TV1_calculate_plaintext = AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305_DECRYPT TV1_AEAD_key TV1_AEAD_nonce (TV1_AEAD_cypherText # TV1_AEAD_tag) TV1_AEAD_AAD
property TV1_plaintext_correct = isValid /\ pt == TV1_plaintext where
(pt,isValid) = TV1_calculate_plaintext
property decryption_vector_correct =
TV1_plaintext_correct /\
TV1_tag_correct /\
TV1_otk_correct
property all_test_vectors_correct =
all_block_tests_correct /\
all_enc_tests_correct /\
all_MAC_tests_correct /\
all_key_tests_correct /\
decryption_vector_correct
Appendix: Utility functions
indexOf e (xs:[a+1]b) = ixs ! 0 where
ixs = [ 0 ] #
[ if ix == e then j else old
| ix <- xs
| j <- [ 0 .. a ]
| old <- ixs
]
ToLittleEndian : ChaChaState -> ChaChaState
ToLittleEndian s = [littleendian (split words) | words <- s]
// Takes a finite sequence of bytes, and turns them into a word via
// a little-endian interpretation
littleendian : {a}(fin a) => [a][8] -> [a*8]
littleendian b = join(reverse b)
// Converts a bytestring encoded like "fe:ed:fa:ce." into a sequence of bytes
// Note: the trailing punctuation is needed
parseHexString : {n} (fin n) => [3*n][8] -> [n][8]
parseHexString hexString = [ charsToByte (take`{2} cs) | cs <- groupBy`{3} hexString ] where
charsToByte : [2][8] -> [8]
charsToByte [ ub, lb ] = (charToByte ub) << 4 || (charToByte lb)
charToByte c = if c >= '0' /\ c <= '9' then c-'0'
| c >= 'a' /\ c <= 'f' then 10+(c-'a')
else 0 // error case
property parseHexString_check =
join (parseHexString
("00:01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:0a:0b:0c:0d:0e:0f:10:11:12:13:" #
"14:15:16:17:18:19:1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f.")) ==
0x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
property AllPropertiesPass =
ChaChaQuarterround_passes_test /\
ChaChaQuarterround_passes_column_test /\
FirstRow_correct /\
BuildState_correct /\
ChaChaStateAfter20_correct /\
ChaCha20_test1 /\
SunscreenBuildState_correct /\
SunscreenBuildState2_correct /\
SunscreenBlock1_correct /\
SunscreenBlock2_correct /\
SunscreenKeystream_correct SunscreenKeystream /\
ChaCha_encrypt_sunscreen_correct /\
Sunscreen_decrypt_correct /\
poly1306Sokay /\
polyBlocksOK /\
Poly1305_passes_test /\
PolyBuildState_correct /\
PolyChaCha_correct /\
Poly_passes_test /\
AeadPolyKeyBuildState_correct /\
AeadPolyChaCha_correct /\
poly1305Test_correct /\
AeadTag_correct /\
AeadConstruction_correct /\
AeadDecrypt_correct /\
parseHexString_check /\
all_test_vectors_correct
Since this file is literate Cryptol, the properties above can be checked by loading it into a Cryptol interpreter, and running the AllPropertiesPass function, like this:
$ cryptol ChaChaPolyCryptolIETF.md
_ _
___ _ __ _ _ _ __ | |_ ___ | |
/ __| '__| | | | '_ \| __/ _ \| |
| (__| | | |_| | |_) | || (_) | |
\___|_| \__, | .__/ \__\___/|_|
|___/|_| version 2.0.0 (62acc96)
Loading module Cryptol
Loading module ChaCha20
... a bunch of warnings about the use of ambiguous-width constants
ChaCha20> AllPropertiesPass
True
This check verifies the implementation of ChaCha, Poly1305 and the AEAD
construction all work with the provided test vectors.